Wetenschappelijke onderzoek over diabetes

Het protocol voor de behandeling van bloedsuikerstabilisatie bij diabetes is op basis van wetenschappelijke publicaties ontwikkeld. Hierbij is gebruik gemaakt van hoog gekwalificerd recent onderzoek dat wordt gepubliceerd in de PubMed database. placebo controlled onderzoek, meta analyses en reviews hebben de voorkeur. Dit soort onderzoek valt onder Evidence Based Medicine.

Alle artikelen en behandelingsprotocollen zijn volgens het zelfzorg principe geschreven. Bij zelfzorg is niet de arts of specialist maar de patiënt verantwoordelijk voor het correct uitvoeren van de behandeling. Toch adviseer ik patiënten om bij gezondheidsklachten eerst een arts te raadplegen. Een juiste diagnose is ook bij een zelfzorgtraject van onschatbare waarde. Als u reeds onder behandeling bent van een arts overleg dan met uw arts voordat u voedingssupplementen gaat gebruiken.

Orthomoleculaire behandeling diabetes

Voeding

Mozaffarian D:’ Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function’;Atheroscler Suppl.7(2):29-32, 2006
Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.[Abstract]
Mozaffarian D, Willett WC:’Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?’;Curr Atheroscler Rep.9(6):486-93, 2007
Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.[Abstract]
Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F:’Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study’;Am J Epidemiol.1;167(11):1312-20, 2008
A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.[Abstract]
Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC:’Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women’;Am J Clin Nutr.73(6):1019-26, 2001
These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. [Article]
Micha R, Mozaffarian D:’Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes’;Nat Rev Endocrinol.5(6):335-44, 2009
The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR:’ Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids’;Obesity (Silver Spring).17(6):1200-7, 2009
These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.[Abstract]
Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, Ryan DH:’The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflamation’;York DA. J Nutr.132(9):2488-91, 2002
Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation.[Artice]
Griguol Chulich VI, León-Camacho M, Vicario Romero IM:’Margarine’s trans-fatty acid composition: modifications during the last decades and new trends’;Arch Latinoam Nutr.55(4):367-73, 2005
Trans fatty acids isomers are formed during the hydrogenation process used in the food industry to harden oils. In the last decades there has been a great controversy about the consumption of margarine due to the levels of trans fatty acids they contain.[Abstract]
Gezondheid Raad:’Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie’
Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer).[Article]
Liga Bisquits:’Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje’
Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g.[Article]
Riccardi G, Giacco R, Rivellese AA. Clin Nutr. 2004 Aug;23(4):447-56. Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome
Epidemiological evidence and intervention studies clearly show that in humans saturated fat significantly worsen insulin-resistance, while monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids improve it through modifications in the composition of cell membranes which reflect at least in part dietary fat composition.[Abstract]

Voeding - GI

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
Glycated hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or Hb1c; sometimes also HbA1c) is a form of hemoglobin which is measured primarily to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time. It is formed in a non-enzymatic glycation pathway by hemoglobin's exposure to plasma glucose. Normal levels of glucose produce a normal amount of glycated hemoglobin. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. This serves as a marker for average blood glucose levels over the previous months prior to the measurement. The 2010 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes added the A1c greater or equal 48 mmol/mol (greater or equal 6.5%) as another criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. In diabetes mellitus, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating poorer control of blood glucose levels, have been associated with cardiovascular disease,nephropathy, and retinopathy. Monitoring the HbA1c in type-1 diabetic patients may improve treatment. [Article]
Wasikowa RB, Basiak A. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2007;13(1):47-51. Progress in the treatment of diabetes type 1 and 2
Diabetes, especially not adequately treated, develops serious chronic complications. The main aim of the therapy in diabetes is, as we know, to achieve a stable normoglycemia, normal levels of HbA1c, the prevention or inhibition of the progression of late consequences of diabetes. [Abstract]
Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Oct 10;154(19):2169-78. Relationship of hyperglycemia to the long-term incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy
These data are compatible with the hypothesis that long-term control of hyperglycemia, as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin levels, is a significant risk factor for the long-term progression of diabetic retinopathy and that lower levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, even later in the course of diabetes, may modify the risk imposed by higher levels earlier in the course of disease in people with both younger- and older-onset diabetes. [Abstract]
Benhalima K, Standl E, Mathieu C. J Diabetes Complications. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):202-7 The importance of glycemic control: how low should we go with HbA1c? Start early, go safe, go low
Epidemiologic data indicate a continuous relationship between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and risk for microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Still, the goal in treating both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes should be to safely get HbA1c as close to normal as possible. [Article]
Havas S. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Nov 1;60(7):1985-92, 1997-8. Educational guidelines for achieving tight control and minimizing complications of type 1 diabetes
Optimal blood glucose control is defined by a target glycosylated hemoglobin level of less than 7 percent, a preprandial glucose level of 80 to 120 mg per dL (4.4 to 6.7 mmol per L) and a bedtime glucose level of 100 to 140 mg per dL (5.6 to 7.8 mmol per L). This article provides guidelines to help family physicians teach patients with type 1 diabetes how to achieve tight glucose control to help minimize complications. [Article]
Saltro – Hb1Ac
De HbA1c-waarde geeft samen met het meten van de bloedglucosewaarde op verschillende tijdstippen een indicatie of de behandeling van diabetes optimaal verloopt. Afhankelijk van de situatie adviseren richtlijnen om de HbA1c-waarde iedere 2 tot 12 maanden te meten. [Article]
Grimaldi A, Heurtier A. Diabetes Metab. 1999 Jun;25 Suppl 3:12-20. Epidemiology of cardio-vascular complications of diabetes
Finally, according to WESDR and UKPDS data, the 10-year risk of cardiovascular mortality increases by 10% for every 1% increase in HbA1c value. [Abstract]
Stolar M. Am J Med. 2010 Mar;123(3 Suppl):S3-11. Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Microvascular complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, are strongly related to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). However, vascular complications may progress in patients who have HbA1c <7.0% and may appear even in undiagnosed patients owing to transient increases in plasma glucose concentrations. [Abstract]
Weber C, Schnell O. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009 Oct;11(10):623-33. The assessment of glycemic variability and its impact on diabetes-related complications: an overview
There is a growing body of evidence that the sole use of hemoglobin A1c is insufficient to adequately reflect the metabolic situation of patients with diabetes mellitus. The risk of developing diabetes-related complications apparently not only depends on the long-term stability of glucose values, but also on the presence or occurrence of short-term glycemic peaks and nadirs lasting for minutes or hours during a day. This leads to the phenomenon of glycemic variability. This article reviews the existing evidence for the clinical relevance of short-term glucose variations and the currently available different means of measuring glycemic variability. [Abstract]
Ceriello A, Ihnat MA. Diabet Med. 2010 Aug;27(8):862-7. 'Glycaemic variability': a new therapeutic challenge in diabetes and the critical care setting
Much attention has been paid recently to the possibility that oscillating glucose may superimpose on glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) in determining the risk for diabetes complications. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that glucose variability, particularly if accompanied by frequent hypoglycaemic episodes, may adversely alter the prognosis of acutely ill patients. The production of free radicals, accompanied by an insufficient increase in intracellular antioxidant defences, seems to account for this phenomenon. Avoiding glucose fluctuations in diabetic patients and in critically ill patients seems to be an emerging therapeutic challenge. [Abstract]
Nalysnyk L, Hernandez-Medina M, Krishnarajah G. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Apr;12(4):288-98. Glycaemic variability and complications in patients with diabetes mellitus: evidence from a systematic review of the literature
Among type 2 DM studies, a significant positive association between glucose variability and the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular events and mortality was reported in 9 of 10 studies. Based on this overview of the available evidence, there appears to be a signal suggesting that glucose variability, characterized by extreme glucose excursions, could be a predictor of diabetic complications, independent of HbA1c levels, in patients with type 2 DM. [Abstract]
Otto-Buczkowska E, Machnica L. Endokrynol Pol. 2010 Nov-Dec;61(6):700-3. Metabolic memory - the implications for diabetic complications
Large randomised studies have established that early intensive glycaemic control reduces the risk of diabetic complications. This phenomenon has recently been dubbed 'metabolic memory'. It has been suggested that early glycaemia normalisation can halt the hyperglycaemia-induced pathological processes associated with enhanced oxidative stress and glycation of cellular proteins and lipids. The phenomenon of metabolic memory suggests that early aggressive treatment and strict glycaemic control could prevent chronic diabetic complications. [Abstract]
Drzewoski J, Kasznicki J, Trojanowski Z. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009 Jul-Aug;119(7-8):493-500. The role of "metabolic memory" in the natural history of diabetes mellitus
There is growing evidence that early, intensive treatment of new-onset diabetes mellitus aimed at tight glucose control reduces the risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. Metabolic memory is a term used to describe beneficial effects of immediate intensive treatment of hyperglycemia and the observation that they are maintained for many years, regardless of glycemia in the later course of diabetes. This phenomenon was first observed in preclinical studies and was later confirmed in large clinical trials. It has been suggested that early glycemia normalization can halt hyperglycemia-induced pathological processes associated with enhanced oxidative stress and glycation of cellular proteins and lipids. The phenomenon of metabolic memory suggests that antioxidants and agents degrading advanced glycation end products in addition to strict hypoglycemic treatment can be used to prevent chronic diabetic complications. [Abstract]
Marcovecchio ML, Lucantoni M, Chiarelli F. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011 Mar;13(3):389-94. Role of chronic and acute hyperglycemia in the development of diabetes complications
Chronic hyperglycemia, as assessed by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, has been associated with the development of microvascular and macrovascularcomplications of diabetes. Several studies have shown that acute hyperglycemia can add to the effect of chronic hyperglycemia in inducing tissue damage. Acute hyperglycemia can activate the same metabolic and hemodynamic pathways as chronic hyperglycemia Glucose variability, like the intra-day glucose fluctuations from peaks to nadirs, is another important parameter, which, mainly in subjects with type 2 diabetes, has emerged as an HbA1c-independent risk factor for the development of vascular complications. [Abstract]
Hirsch IB, Brownlee M. J Diabetes Complications. 2005 May-Jun;19(3):178-81. Should minimal blood glucose variability become the gold standard of glycemic control?
Subsequent studies correlating the magnitude of oxidative stress with fluctuating levels of glycemia support the hypothesis that glucosevariability, considered in combination with A1C, may be a more reliable indicator of blood glucose control and the risk for long-term complications than mean A1C alone. [Abstract]
Chiu CJ, Taylor A. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011 Jan;30(1):18-53. Dietary hyperglycemia, glycemic index and metabolic retinal diseases
The glycemic index (GI) indicates how fast blood glucose is raised after consuming a carbohydrate-containing food. Human metabolic studies indicate that GI is related to patho-physiological responses after meals. Compared with a low-GI meal, a high-GI meal is characterized with hyperglycemia during the early postprandial stage (0-2h) and a compensatory hyperlipidemia associated with counter-regulatory hormone responses during late postprandial stage (4-6h). Over the past three decades, several human health disorders have been related to GI. The strongest relationship suggests that consuming low-GI foods prevents diabetic complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes. In this aspect, GI appears to be useful as a practical guideline to help diabetic people choose foods. [Abstract]
Thomas D, Elliott EJ. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006296. Low glycaemic index, or low glycaemic load, diets for diabetes mellitus
A low-GI diet can improve glycaemic control in diabetes without compromising hypoglycaemic events. Eleven relevant randomised controlled trials involving 402 participants were identified. There was a significant decrease in the glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). [Abstract]
Thomas DE, Elliott EJ. Br J Nutr. 2010 Sep;104(6):797-802. Epub 2010 Apr 27. The use of low-glycaemic index diets in diabetes control
Lowering the GI of the diet may contribute to improved glycaemic control in diabetes. [Abstract ]
Marsh K, Barclay A, Colagiuri S, Brand-Miller J. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Apr;11(2):120-7. Glycemic index and glycemic load of carbohydrates in the diabetes diet
These findings, together with the fact that there are no demonstrated negative effects of a low GI diet, suggest that the GI should be an important consideration in the dietary management and prevention of diabetes. [Abstract]
Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Giacco R. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jan;87(1):269S-274S. Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes
The best evidence of the clinical usefulness of GI is available in diabetic patients in whom low-GI foods have consistently shown beneficial effects on blood glucose control in both the short-term and the long-term. In these patients, low-GI foods are suitable as carbohydrate-rich choices, provided other attributes of the foods are appropriate. [Article]
NDF Voedingsrichtlijnenboekje
Om voldoende vezels binnen te krijgen zou het volgende gegeten kunnen worden per dag: 6-7 sneetjes 200 gram groenten (4 opscheplepels) 200-250 gram aardappelen, pasta of rijst/peulvruchten (4-5 opscheplepels) 2 stuks fruit [Artikel]
Tabel van glycemische indexen
De glycemische index van een koolhydraat is een getal wat aangeeft hoe sterk de glucosespiegel in het bloed omhoog gaat na het eten van een voedingsmiddel. Hoe lager het getal hoe beter [Article]
Nationaalkompas: Diabetes mellitus samengevat
In 2007 hadden ruim 740.000 mensen diabetes mellitus (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 665.000 - 824.000) (jaarprevalentie op basis van huisartsenregistraties). Op 1 januari 2007 waren er 668.000 mensen met diabetes; in de loop van 2007 kwamen daar ongeveer 71.000 nieuwe patiënten met diabetes bij (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 57.000 - 90.000). [Article]
Accurso A, Bernstein RK, Dahlqvist A, Draznin B, Feinman RD, Fine EJ, Gleed A, Jacobs DB, Larson G, Lustig RH, Manninen AH, McFarlane SI, Morrison K, Nielsen JV, Ravnskov U, Roth KS, Silvestre R, Sowers JR, Sundberg R, Volek JS, Westman EC, Wood RJ, Wortman J, Vernon MC. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008 Apr 8;5:9. Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisa
Current nutritional approaches to metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes generally rely on reductions in dietary fat. The success of such approaches has been limited and therapy more generally relies on pharmacology. The argument is made that a re-evaluation of the role of carbohydrate restriction, the historical and intuitive approach to the problem, may provide an alternative and possibly superior dietary strategy. The rationale is that carbohydrate restriction improves glycemic control and reduces insulin fluctuations which are primary targets. Experiments are summarized showing that carbohydrate-restricted diets are at least as effective for weight loss as low-fat diets and that substitution of fat for carbohydrate is generally beneficial for risk of cardiovascular disease. These beneficial effects of carbohydrate restriction do not require weight loss. Finally, the point is reiterated that carbohydrate restriction improves all of the features of metabolic syndrome. [Article]
Feinman RD, Volek JS. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2008 Aug;42(4):256-63. Carbohydrate restriction as the default treatment for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome
Dietary carbohydrate restriction in the treatment of diabetes and metabolic syndrome is based on an underlying principle of control of insulin secretion and the theory that insulin resistance is a response to chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. As such, the theory is intuitive and has substantial experimental support. It has generally been opposed by health agencies because of concern that carbohydrate will be replaced by fat, particularly saturated fat, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease as dictated by the so-called diet-heart hypothesis. Here we summarize recent data showing that, in fact, substitution of fat for carbohydrate generally improves cardiovascular risk factors. Removing the barrier of concern about dietary fat makes carbohydrate restriction a reasonable, if not the preferred method for treating type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We emphasize the ability of low carbohydrate diets to improve glycemic control, hemoglobin A1C and to reduce medication. We review evidence that such diets are effective even in the absence of weight loss. [Abstract]
Nielsen JV, Joensson E. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006 Jun 14;3:22. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 22 months follow-up
Advice on a 20% carbohydrate diet with some caloric restriction to obese patients with type 2 diabetes has lasting effect on bodyweight and glycemic control. [Article]

Meer Omega-3 vetzuren

Voedingscentrum:’Vetwijzer’
verzadigd vet = verkeerd, onverzadigd vet = oké.[Article]
Voedingscentrum: Omega-6-vetzuren
Omega-6-vetzuren zijn meervoudig onverzadigde vetzuren die ook bekendstaan als n-6-vetzuren. Het bekendste omega-6-vetzuur is linolzuur. Linolzuur komt veel voor, vooral in plantaardige oliën zoals zonnebloemolie, maïsolie en sojaolie, maar ook in margarine, halvarine en bak- en braadvetten.[Article]
Hennig B, Meerarani P, Ramadass P, Watkins BA, Toborek M:’Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells.’;Metabolism.49(8):1006-13, 2000
Furthermore, linoleic acid and other omega-6 fatty acids appear to be the most proinflammatory and possibly atherogenic fatty acids.[Abstract]
Viswanathan S, Hammock BD, Newman JW, Meerarani P, Toborek M, Hennig B:’Involvement of CYP 2C9 in mediating the proinflammatory effects of linoleic acid in vascular endothelial cells’;J Am Coll Nutr.22(6):502-10, 2003
Our data show that CYP 2C9 plays a key role in linoleic acid-induced oxidative stress and subsequent proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells by possibly causing superoxide generation through uncoupling processes.[Article]
Natarajan R, Nadler JL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Sep;24(9):1542-8. Lipid inflammatory mediators in diabetic vascular disease
These include oxidized lipids of the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism. These lipids have potent growth, vasoactive, chemotactic, oxidative, and proinflammatory properties in vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes. Cellular and animal models indicate that these enzymes are induced under diabetic conditions, have proatherogenic effects, and also mediate the actions of growth factors and cytokines. [Article]
Toborek M, Hennig B:’The role of linoleic acid in endothelial cell gene expression. Relationship to atherosclerosis’;Subcell Biochem.30:415-36, 1998
There is evidence that linoleic acid plays a critical role in gene expression and vascular function as it relates to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[Abstract]
Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ:’High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis’;J Am Coll Nutr.20(2 Suppl):97-105, 2001
Our studies suggest that omega-6 fatty acids, and especially linoleic acid, cause endothelial cell dysfunction most markedly as well as can potentiate TNF-mediated endothelial cell injury. We propose that high-energy diets, and especially diets rich in linoleic acid, are atherogenic by contributing to an imbalance in cellular oxidative stress/antioxidant status of the endothelium, which can lead to activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors, inflammatory cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules.[Article]
Dichtl W, Ares MP, Jönson AN, Jovinge S, Pachinger O, Giachelli CM, Hamsten A, Eriksson P, Nilsson J:’Linoleic acid-stimulated vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells depends on nuclear factor-kappaB activation’;Metabolism.51(3):327-33, 2002
These findings suggest that diets rich in linoleic acid may be proinflammatory and thus atherogenic by activating vascular endothelial cells.[Abstract]
Simopoulos AP:’Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases’;Biomed Pharmacother.60(9):502-7, 2006
Anthropological and epidemiological studies and studies at the molecular level indicate that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1 to 16.7/1. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today’s Western diets, promotes the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects.[Abstract]
Gómez Candela C, Bermejo López LM, Loria Kohen V. Nutr Hosp. 2011 Mar-Apr;26(2):323-9. Importance of a balanced omega 6/omega 3 ratio for the maintenance of health: nutritional recommendations
The modification of dietary patterns has led to a change in fatty acid consumption, with an increase in the consumption of ?-6fatty acids and a marked reduction in the consumption of ?-3 fatty acids. This in turn has given rise to an imbalance in the ?-6/?-3 ratio, which is now very different from the original 1:1 ratio of humans in the past. [Abstract]
Wertz PW:’ Essential fatty acids and dietary stress’;Toxicol Ind Health.25(4-5):279-83, 2009
The imbalanced consumption of the two families of essential fatty acids contributes to a range of diseases. Greater awareness of this problem is leading to increased use of dietary supplements and new products intended to decrease omega-6 consumption while increasing omega-3 intake.[Abstract]
Simopoulos AP. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999 May-Jun;60(5-6):421-9. Evolutionary aspects of omega-3 fatty acids in the food supply
Information from archaeological findings and studies from modern day hunter-gatherers suggest that the Paleolithic diet is the diet we evolved on and for which our genetic profile was programmed. The Paleolithic diet is characterized by lower fat and lower saturated fat intake than Western diets; a balanced intake of omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids.[Abstract]
Simopoulos AP:’The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases’;Exp Biol Med (Maywood).233(6):674-88, 2008
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries.[Article]
Simopoulos AP. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects.[Abstract]
Voedingscentrum:’Becel Keuken Light van Unilever’;2008
In Becel Keuken Light zitten aanzienlijk minder calorieën en verzadigd vet dan in reguliere vloeibare bak- en braadproducten. Daarnaast levert dit product essentiële vetzuren zoals n-3 vetzuren.[Article]
Unilever Becel:’Becel keuken light Voedingswaarde per 100 gram’
- meervoudig onverzadigd 29 g - omega-6 (linolzuur) 25 g - omega-3 (alfa-linoleenzuur) 4,5 g.[Article]
Unilever Becel:’Becel omega 3 plus Voedingswaarde per 100 gram’
- meervoudig onverzadigd waarvan: 21 g - Omega 6 (linolzuur) 16,3 g - Omega-3: 3,75 g, waarvan - EPA + DHA: 750 mg - alfa-linoleenzuur: 3 g.[Article]
Voedingscentrum: ‘Eén duidelijk logo met brede toepassing’
Het Voedingscentrum staat vanaf het prille begin achter het initiatief en hoopt dat het logo in de toekomst nog breder gebruikt zal worden. Vanaf maart 2011 zijn de criteria van het Voedingscentrum en de criteria voor het logo op elkaar afgestemd.[Article]
Chait A, Bornfeldt KE. J Lipid Res. 2009 Apr;50 Suppl:S335-9. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: is there a role for hyperglycemia?
Atherosclerosis is accelerated in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The hallmark of diabetes is the presence of hyperglycemia. In this article, we review the role of glucose in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. [Article]
Colette C, Monnier L. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Sep;39(9):683-6. Acute glucose fluctuations and chronic sustained hyperglycemia as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes
Chronic hyperglycemia, usually assessed from HbA1c determinations, results in excessive glycation and generation of oxidative stress. As a consequence, chronic hyperglycemia has been identified as a risk factor for diabetes complications leading to accelerated atherosclerosis. Both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia contribute to this process. [Article]
Wan JB, Huang LL, Rong R, Tan R, Wang J, Kang JX. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2487-94. Endogenously decreasing tissue n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by inhibiting systemic and vascular inflammation
To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide direct evidence for the role of tissue n-6/n-3 ratio in atherosclerosis using the fat-1 transgenic mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that a decreased n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice. This protective effect may be attributed to the antiinflammatory properties of n-3 fatty acids, rather than their lipid-lowering effect. [Abstract]
Calder PC: ;Mol Nutr Food Res.52(8):885-97, 2008 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases
With regard to inflammatory processes, the main fatty acids of interest are the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), which is the precursor of inflammatory eicosanoids like prostaglandin E(2) and leukotriene B(4), and the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are found in oily fish and fish oils. EPA and DHA inhibit AA metabolism to inflammatory eicosanoids.[Article]
Margioris AN:’Fatty acids and postprandial inflammation’;Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.12(2):129-37, 2009
In this review, we will summarize all experimental evidence suggesting that the two families of PUFA appear to have antagonistic effects on postprandial inflammation, n-3 PUFA being anti-inflammatory while n-6 PUFA proinflammatory.[Abstract]
Stanley JC, Elsom RL, Calder PC, Griffin BA, Harris WS, Jebb SA, Lovegrove JA, Moore CS, Riemersma RA, Sanders TA. Br J Nutr. 2007 Dec;98(6):1305-10. UK Food Standards Agency Workshop Report: the effects of the dietary n-6:n-3 fattyacid ratio on cardiovascular health
On the basis of this review of the experimental evidence and on theoretical grounds, it was concluded that the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio is not a useful concept and that it distracts attention away from increasing absolute intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids which have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. [Article]
Simopoulos AP:’Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases’;J Am Coll Nutr.21(6):495-505, 2002
Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids. .[Article]
Calder PC. Lipids. 2001 Sep;36(9):1007-24. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity
Supplementation of the diet of healthy human volunteers with fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA results in decreased monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease. Clinical studies have reported that fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n-3 PUFA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory.[Abstract]
Hartweg J, Perera R, Montori V, Dinneen S, Neil HA, Farmer A. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD003205. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Omega-3 PUFA supplementation in type 2 diabetes lowers triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, but may raise LDL cholesterol (although results were non-significant in subgroups) and has no statistically significant effect on glycemic control or fasting insulin. [Abstract]
Hartweg J, Farmer AJ, Holman RR, Neil A. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009 Feb;20(1):30-8. Potential impact of omega-3 treatment on cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes
This systematic review and meta-analysis confirms the triglyceride lowering effects of omega-3 PUFAs, demonstrates potential dose-response effects and shows improvements in thrombogenesis. Omega-3 PUFAs raise LDL levels without concomitant changes in lipid particle size. Changes seen in conventional risk factors are insufficient to explain the cardiovascular disease risk reductions suggested to occur with omega-3 PUFAs. Higher doses of omega-3 PUFAs (>or=2 g/day) may have greater triglyceride lowering effects. [Abstract]
Sirtori CR, Galli C. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):397-406. N-3 fatty acids and diabetes
In long-term treatments, there was also a tendency toward a significant reduction of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolemia, with positive effects on high density lipoprotein (HDL). [Abstract]
Harris WS, Poston WC, Haddock CK. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jul;193(1):1-10. Tissue n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and risk for coronary heart disease events
The long-chain n-3 FA, especially DHA, were consistently and significantly reduced in patients experiencing CHD events. These findings add further support to the view that long-chain n-3 FA are cardioprotective..[Abstract]
Yashodhara BM, Umakanth S, Pappachan JM, Bhat SK, Kamath R, Choo BH. Postgrad Med J. 2009 Feb;85(1000):84-90. Omega-3 fatty acids: a comprehensive review of their role in health and disease
Omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) are essential fatty acids with diverse biological effects in human health and disease. Reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is a well-established benefit of their intake. Dietary supplementation may also benefit patients with dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammatory diseases, neurological/ neuropsychiatric disorders and eye diseases. [Abstract]
Rudkowska I. Maturitas. 2010 Sep;67(1):25-8. Fish oils for cardiovascular disease: Impact on diabetes
Overall, n-3 PUFA supplementation represents a reasonable therapeutic strategy in individuals with T2DM to decrease the risk of complications. [Abstract]
Ramel A, Martinéz A, Kiely M, Morais G, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I:’Beneficial effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids included in an energy-restricted diet on insulin resistance in overweight and obese European young adults.’;Diabetologia.51(7):1261-8, 2008
LC n-3 PUFA consumption during energy reduction exerts positive effects on insulin resistance in young overweight individuals, independently from changes in body weight, triacylglycerol, erythrocyte membrane or adiponectin.[Abstract]
Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D:’N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?’;Reprod Nutr Dev.44(3):289-99, 2004
In rodents in vivo, n-3 LC-PUFA have a protective effect against high fat diet induced insulin resistance. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field.[Abstract]
Fedor D, Kelley DS. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Mar;12(2):138-46. Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
n-3 PUFA supplementation has clinical significance in the prevention and reversal of insulin resistance. However, increased intake of n-3 PUFA should be part of an overall healthy lifestyle that includes weight control, exercise, and reduction in the intake of refined sugars, n-6, saturated, and trans fatty acids..[Abstract]
Carpentier YA, Portois L, Malaisse WJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1499S-1504S. n-3 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome
Increased intakes or supplements of n-3 marine fatty acids may improve defects in insulin signaling and prevent alterations in glucose homeostasis and the further development of type 2 diabetes. .[Article]
Gerster H. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998;68(3):159-73. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)?
A diet including 2-3 portions of fatty fish per week, which corresponds to the intake of 1.25 g EPA (20:5n-3) + DHA (22:6n-3) per day, has been officially recommended on the basis of epidemiological findings showing a beneficial role of these n-3 long-chain PUFA in the prevention of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. The parent fatty acid ALA (18:3n-3), found in vegetable oils such as flaxseed or rapeseed oil, is used by the human organism partly as a source of energy, partly as a precursor of the metabolites, but the degree of conversion appears to be unreliable and restricted. The use of ALA labelled with radioisotopes suggested that with a background diet high in saturated fat conversion to long-chain metabolites is approximately 6% for EPA and 3.8% for DHA. With a diet rich in n-6 PUFA, conversion is reduced by 40 to 50%. [Abstract]
Dubnov G, Berry EM. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2004 Nov;6(6):441-6 Omega-6 fatty acids and coronary artery disease: the pros and cons
The major dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid of the omega-6 family, has several properties that render it hyperinsulinemic and atherogenic. The potential benefits of linoleic acid intake regarding coronary artery disease, and its possible harms, are discussed.[Abstract]
Colin A, Reggers J, Castronovo V, Ansseau M. Encephale. 2003 Jan-Feb;29(1):49-58 Lipids, depression and suicid
In contrast, diets with a higher supply of linoleic acid (omega 6) increased significantly the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-alpha.[Abstract]
Kelley DS. Nutrition. 2001 Jul-Aug;17(7-8):669-73. Modulation of human immune and inflammatory responses by dietary fatty acids
When total fat intake was held constant, an increase in the intake of linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) or arachidonic acid (20:4 omega-6) by healthy human volunteers did not inhibit many indices of immune response tested but did increase the production of inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4).[Abstract]
Innis SM. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2007 Oct;14(5):359-64. Dietary lipids in early development: relevance to obesity, immune and inflammatory disorders
High linoleic acid is associated with increased oxidative stress. There is a biological reason to consider that dietary fatty acids may contribute to oxidative stress and heightened inflammatory responses in young children.[Abstract]
Andersen V, Olsen A, Carbonnel F, Tjønneland A, Vogel U. Dig Liver Dis. 2011 Nov 2. Diet and risk of inflammatory bowel diseas
Intake of the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid may confer risk of ulcerative colitis, whereas n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be protective.[Abstract]
IBD in EPIC Study Investigators, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Bergmann MM, Nagel G, Linseisen J, Hallmans G, Palmqvist R, Sjodin H, Hagglund G, Berglund G, Lindgren S, Grip O, Palli D, Day NE, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Riboli E, Kennedy H, Hart A. Gut. 2009 Dec;58(12):1606-11. Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study
The data support a role for dietary linoleic acid in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis. An estimated 30% of cases could be attributed to having dietary intakes higher than the lowest quartile of linoleic acid intake.[Article]
Ueda Y, Kawakami Y, Kunii D, Okada H, Azuma M, Le DS, Yamamoto S. Nutr Res. 2008 Apr;28(4):239-44. Elevated concentrations of linoleic acid in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Higher levels of linoleic acids and n-6 fatty acids, which are involved in production of proinflammatory mediators, were found in IBD patients compared with controls, thereby implicating n-6 fatty acids in the pathophysiology of the disease.[Abstract]
Das UN. J Assoc Physicians India. 2006 Apr;54:309-19. Biological significance of essential fatty acids
Essential fatty acids (EFAs)--linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are critical for human survival. [Abstract]
Dobryniewski J, Szajda SD, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K. Przegl Lek. 2007;64(2):91-9. Biology of essential fatty acids (EFA)
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA), are unsaturated fatty acids not produced by human being, but essential for proper functioning of the human body. To EFA-s belongs: linoleic acid (LA) (18:2,cis detla(9,12), omega6)--precursor o f gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) (18:3,cisA6,9,12, )6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)(18:3,cisdelta(9, 12, 15), omega3)--product of dehydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA). [Abstract]
Drs. Apr. Geert Vergote & Lic. Biomed. Wet. Sofie Noppe OMEGA-6/OMEGA-3 VETZUURVERHOUDING Sleutel tot gezondheid en gezond ouder worde
Het nijpend tekort aan omega-3 vetzuren in het typisch westers dieet draagt bij tot het ontstaan van heel wat moderne beschavingsziekten. Door de overmaat aan omega-6 vetzuren bevindt het lichaam zich in een toestand van permanente chronische inflammatie. Een herwaardering van de omega-3 vetzuren in onze voeding tot een omega-6/omega-3 ratio van 1/1 tot 4/1 tempert deze ontstekingsprocessen waardoor heel wat chronische degeneratieve ziektes voorkomen of gunstig beïnvloed worden.[Article]

Nog niet bebruikte artikelen

Zhang M1, Picard-Deland E, Marette A. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:501015. Epub 2013 Sep 8. Fish and Marine Omega-3 Polyunsatured Fatty Acid Consumption and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Dose-response analysis suggested that every 80?g per day intake of oily fish may reduce 20% risk of T2D.[Article]
.[Abstract]

Fructose

Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM:’Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity’;Am J Clin Nutr.79(4):537-43, 2004
The consumption of HFCS increased > 1000% between 1970 and 1990, far exceeding the changes in intake of any other food or food group. Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.[Article]
Bray GA. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Dec;32 Suppl 7:S127-31. Fructose: should we worry?
The increase in obesity in the last 35 years has paralleled the increasing use of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), which first appeared just before 1970. Current soft drinks and many other foods are sweetened with this product because it is inexpensive and has useful manufacturing properties. [Abstract]
Bray GA. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010 Feb;21(1):51-7. Soft drink consumption and obesity: it is all about fructose
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has increased steadily over the past century and with this increase has come more and more reports associating their use with the risk of overweight, diabetes and cardiometabolic disease.`The present review concludes on the basis of the data assembled here that in the amounts currently consumed, fructose is hazardous to the cardiometabolic health of many children, adolescents and adults.[Abstract]
Lustig RH. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 Sep;110(9):1307-21. Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol
Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. [Abstract]
Rutledge AC, Adeli K: Nutr Rev.65(6 Pt 2):S13-23, 2007 Fructose and the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms
Emerging evidence suggests that increased dietary consumption of fructose in Western society may be a potentially important factor in the growing rates of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.[Abstract]
Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women
Because insulin and leptin, and possibly ghrelin, function as key signals to the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy balance, decreases of circulating insulin and leptin and increased ghrelin concentrations, as demonstrated in this study, could lead to increased caloric intake and ultimately contribute to weight gain and obesity during chronic consumption of diets high in fructose. [Article]
Havel PJ. Nutr Rev. 2005 May;63(5):133-57. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism
Fructose intake and the prevalence of obesity have both increased over the past two to three decades. Compared with glucose, the hepatic metabolism of fructose favors lipogenesis, which may contribute to hyperlipidemia and obesity. Fructose does not increase insulin and leptin or suppress ghrelin, which suggests an endocrine mechanism by which it induces a positive energy balance. [Abstract]
Scarpace PJ, Zhang Y. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009 Mar;296(3):R493-500. Leptin resistance: a prediposing factor for diet-induced obesity
Similarly, chronic dietary fructose consumption evokes a leptin resistance that causes obesity only upon HF exposure. [Article]
Fristi rood fruit - voedingswaarde - ingredienten
Magere gefermenteerde melk, melkbestanddelen (weipermeaat), Water, multifruchtensap uit geconcentreerd sap 5% (2,5% druif, 1,7% appel, 0,8% bes, 0,01% aardbei, 0,01% framboos, 0,01% braam, 0,01% kers), Suiker, fructosestroop, stabilisator pectine, stabilisator (guargom), stabilisator dikaliumfosfaat, stabilisator trinatriumcitraat, aroma, calciumlactaat, kleurstof (karmijnzuur), koemelkeiwit, lactose. [Article]
Robert H. Lustig, MD Sugar: The Bitter Truth
Robert H. Lustig, MD, UCSF Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology, explores the damage caused by sugary foods. He argues that fructose (too much) and fiber (not enough) appear to be cornerstones of the obesity epidemic through their effects on insulin. [Movie]
Dekker MJ, Su Q, Baker C, Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Nov;299(5):E685-94 Fructose: a highly lipogenic nutrient implicated in insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and the metabolic syndrome
As dietary exposure to fructose has increased over the past 40 years, there is growing concern that high fructose consumption in humans may be in part responsible for the rising incidence of obesity worldwide. [Abstract]
Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ:’Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome’;Am J Clin Nutr.76(5):911-22, 2002
Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans.[Article]
Miller A, Adeli K:’Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome’;Curr Opin Gastroenterol.24(2):204-9, 2008
There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.[Abstract]
Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rock E, Mazur A. Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43. High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation
There is also experimental and clinical evidence that the amount of magnesium in the western diet is insufficient to meet individual needs and that magnesium deficiency may contribute to insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Since magnesium deficiency has a pro-inflammatory effect, the expected consequence would be an increased risk of developing insulin resistance when magnesium deficiency is combined with a high-fructose diet. [Article]
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Feb 1;458(1):40-7. Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance
Epidemiologic studies showed a high prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and lower intracellular Mg concentrations in diabetic subjects. [Abstract]
Innerarity S. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2000 Aug;23(2):1-19; quiz 87 Hypomagnesemia in acute and chronic illness
Magnesium deficit is associated with several acute and chronic illnesses. Of major concern is the association between cardiovascular problems, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and hypomagnesemia. In addition, evidence is mounting regarding the relationship between Type II Diabetes Mellitus, and magnesium deficit. [Abstract]
Yang Q. Yale J Biol Med. 2010 Jun;83(2):101-8. Gain weight by "going diet?" Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: Neuroscience 2010
A rise in the percent of the population who are obese coincides with an increase in the widespread use of non-caloric artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame (e.g., Diet Coke) and sucralose (e.g., Pepsi One), in food products (Figure 1). While people often choose "diet" or "light" products to lose weight, research studies suggest that artificial sweeteners may contribute to weight gain[Article]
Brown RJ, de Banate MA, Rother KI. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2010 Aug;5(4):305-12. Artificial sweeteners: a systematic review of metabolic effects in youth
Epidemiological data have demonstrated an association between artificial sweetener use and weight gain. Evidence of a causal relationship linking artificial sweetener use to weight gain and other metabolic health effects is limited. However, recent animal studies provide intriguing information that supports an active metabolic role of artificial sweeteners. [Article]
Swithers SE, Martin AA, Davidson T Physiol Behav. 2010 Apr 26;100(1):55-62. High-intensity sweeteners and energy balance
Recent epidemiological evidence points to a link between a variety of negative health outcomes (e.g. metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease) and the consumption of both calorically sweetened beverages and beverages sweetened with high-intensity, non-caloric sweeteners.[Abstract]
Swithers SE, Davidson TL. Behav Neurosci. 2008 Feb;122(1):161-73. A role for sweet taste: calorie predictive relations in energy regulation by rats
We found that reducing the correlation between sweet taste and the caloric content of foods using artificial sweeteners in rats resulted in increased caloric intake, increased body weight, and increased adiposity, as well as diminished caloric compensation and blunted thermic responses to sweet-tasting diets. These results suggest that consumption of products containing artificial sweeteners may lead to increased body weight and obesity by interfering with fundamental homeostatic, physiological processes. [Abstract]
Ouyang X, Cirillo P, Sautin Y, McCall S, Bruchette JL, Diehl AM, Johnson RJ, Abdelmalek MF:’Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease’;J Hepatol.48(6):993-9, 2008
The pathogenic mechanism underlying the development of NAFLD may be associated with excessive dietary fructose consumption.[Abstract]
Nöthlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN:’Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study’;Am J Clin Nutr. 86(5):1495-501, 2007
High fructose and sucrose intakes may play a role in pancreatic cancer etiology. Conditions such as overweight or obesity in which a degree of insulin resistance may be present may also be important.[Article]
Taylor EN, Curhan GC:’Fructose consumption and the risk of kidney stones’;Kidney Int.73(2):207-12, 2008
We documented 4902 incident kidney stones during a combined 48 years of follow-up. The multivariate relative risks of kidney stones significantly increased for participants in the highest compared to the lowest quintile of total-fructose intake for all three study groups.[Article]
Herbalife Formula 1 shake
Ingredients - Information to be used as a rough guide only as this information varies slightly depending on flavour) soy protein isolate, fructose, soy lecithin, soy oil, thickeners (cellulose powder, guar gum powder, carrageenan, xanthan gum, citrus pectin), flavours, oat fibre, corn bran, calcium citrate, fructooligosaccharides, anti caking agent (silicon dioxide), milk protein, dextrose, potassium phosphate, magnesium oxide, rapeseed oil. [Article]
Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;88(6):1733S-1737S. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup
Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences of fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.[Article]
.[Abstract]

Chroom

Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM:’Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods’;Biol Trace Elem Res.32:117-21, 1992
In summary, chromium content of individual foods varies, and is dependent upon chromium introduced in the growing, transport, processing, and fortification of the food. Even well-balanced diets may contain suboptimal levels of dietary chromium.[Abstract]
Van Cauwenbergh R, Hendrix P, Robberecht H, Deelstra HA Z Lebensm Unters Forsch.203(3):203-6, 1996 Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium, using duplicate portion sampling
Daily dietary chromium intake in Belgium has been evaluated by sampling duplicate portions of food, heating them at an acidic pH in a microwave oven and then quantifying the chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean intake value (53 +/- 31 micrograms/day) is similar to levels found for most other countries and is situated at the lower end of the recommended range for a safe and adequate daily dietary intake.[Abstract]
Kumpulainen JT Biol Trace Elem Res.32:9-18, 1992 Chromium content of foods and diets
In many developing countries, such as Brazil, the Sudan, and Iran, the dietary intake is high, from 50-100 micrograms/d, whereas in certain developed countries, such as Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, the intake is 50 micrograms/d or lower and, consequently, at or below the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake range of 50-200 micrograms/d established by the US National Academy of Sciences. The average Cr content of human milk is below 0.5 micrograms/L, thus resulting in a very low average intake of 0.3 microgram Cr/d by exclusively breast-fed infants in the US and Finland.[Abstract]
Anderson RA. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997 Aug;26(1 Pt 2):S35-41. Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans
Chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. Normal dietary intake of Cr for humans is suboptimal. The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for Cr is 50 to 200 microg. However, most diets contain less than 60% of the minimum suggested intake of 50 microg. Insufficient dietary intake of Cr leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Supplemental Cr given to people with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes leads to improved blood glucose, insulin, and lipid variables.[Abstract]
Preuss HG, Anderson RA Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.1(6):509-12, 1998 Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997-1998
Trivalent chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. The majority of people eating typical Western diets consume less than the upper limit of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake, which is set at 50-200 micrograms per day. Insufficient chromium intake is associated with signs and symptoms similar to those seen in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.[Abstract]
U.S. National Institute of Health - chromium
In 1989, the National Academy of Sciences established an "estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake" range for chromium. For adults and adolescents that range was 50 to 200 mcg. In 2001, DRIs for chromium were established. The research base was insufficient to establish RDAs, so AIs were developed based on average intakes of chromium from food as found in several studies.[Article]
RIVM rapport 350050002/2005 Voedingsstatusonderzoek binnen het nieuwe Nederlandse voedingspeilingsysteem
Pagina 75: In een recent uitgevoerde duplicaat dieet studie op het RIVM had meer dan 50% van de deelnemers een inneming beneden de (Amerikaanse) norm. Op basis hiervan wordt geconcludeerd dat de vitaminen A, B2, foliumzuur, B12 en D en de mineralen calcium, magnesium, natrium, chroom, ijzer, jodium, seleen en zink op dit moment hoge prioriteit hebben voor voedingsstatusonderzoek. [Article]
Voedingscentrum - chroom
Voor zover bekend komen tekorten aan chroom in Nederland niet voor. In het algemeen wordt aangenomen dat je voldoende chroom binnenkrijgt als je gevarieerd eet. De Gezondheidsraad geeft geen aanbevelingen voor chroom. In de Verenigde Staten wordt 25 tot 35 microgram per dag aanbevolen voor volwassen vrouwen en mannen. [Article]
Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ, Bakker SJ, Houweling ST Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.148(5):217-20, 2004 Chromium and insulin resistance
Since as early as the 50s of the last century, it has been known that chromium is essential for normal glucose metabolism. Too little chromium in the diet may lead to insulin resistance. [Abstract]
Anderson RA Clin Physiol Biochem.4(1):31-41, 1986 Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man
Insufficient dietary Cr has been linked to maturity-onset diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The dietary Cr intake of most individuals is considerably less than the suggested safe and adequate intake. Consumption of refined foods, including simple sugars, exacerbates the problem of insufficient dietary Cr since these foods are not only low in dietary Cr but also enhance additional Cr losses. Chromium losses are also increased due to pregnancy, strenuous exercise, infection, physical trauma and other forms of stress.[Abstract]
Hummel M, Standl E, Schnell O. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Oct;39(10):743-51 Chromium in metabolic and cardiovascular disease
Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. There is growing evidence that chromium may facilitate insulin signaling and chromium supplementation therefore may improve systemic insulin sensitivity. Since chromium supplementation is a safe treatment, further research is necessary to resolve the confounding data. The existing data suggest to concentrate future studies on certain forms as chromium picolinate and doses as at least 200 mcg per day.[Abstract]
Anderson RA. Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):22-7. Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes
Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to increased insulin sensitivity. Additional studies are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of chromium and its role in the prevention and control of diabetes.[Article]
Anderson RA. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992 Jan-Mar;32:19-24. Chromium, glucose tolerance, and diabetes
Chromium functions in maintaining normal glucose tolerance primarily by regulating insulin action. In the presence of optimal amounts of biologically active chromium, much lower amounts of insulin are required. Glucose intolerance, related to insufficient dietary chromium, appears to be widespread. Improved chromium nutrition leads to improved sugar metabolism in hypoglycemics, hyperglycemics, and diabetics.[Abstract]
No authors listed Diabetes Educ. 2004;Suppl:2-14. A scientific review: the role of chromium in insulin resistance
Chromium is an essential mineral that appears to have a beneficial role in the regulation of insulin action and its effects on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Chromium is an important factor for enhancing insulin activity. Chromium picolinate, specifically, has been shown to reduce insulin resistance. Supplements containing 200-1,000 mcg chromium as chromium picolinate a day have been found to improve blood glucose control. Chromium picolinate is the most efficacious form of chromium supplementation. Numerous animal studies and human clinical trials have demonstrated that chromium picolinate supplements are safe.[Abstract]
Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJ. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1092-6. Chromium treatment has no effect in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Western population: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
There is no evidence that chromium in the form of chromium yeast is effective in improving glycemic control in Western patients with type 2 diabetes who are taking oral hypoglycemic agents.[Article]
Martin J, Wang ZQ, Zhang XH, Wachtel D, Volaufova J, Matthews DE, Cefalu WT. Diabetes Care. 2006 Aug;29(8):1826-32. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes
This study demonstrates that CrPic supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes who are taking sulfonylurea agents significantly improves insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Further, CrPic supplementation significantly attenuated body weight gain and visceral fat accumulation compared with the placebo group. [Article]
Wang ZQ, Cefalu WT. Curr Diab Rep. 2010 Apr;10(2):145-51. Current concepts about chromium supplementation in type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
However, patient selection may be an important factor in determining clinical response, as it was concluded that a clinical response to chromium (ie, decreased glucose and improved insulin sensitivity) may be more likely in insulin-resistant individuals with type 2 diabetes who have more elevated fasting glucose and hemoglobin A(1c) levels.[Abstract]
Albarracin C, Fuqua B, Geohas J, Juturu V, Finch MR, Komorowski JR. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2007 Spring;2(2):91-7. Combination of chromium and biotin improves coronary risk factors in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized clinical trial
In the primary analysis, CPB lowered HbA1c (P<.05) and glucose (P<.02) significantly compared with the placebo group. No significant changes were observed in other lipid levels. These data suggest that intervention with CPB improves cardiometabolic risk factors. [Abstract]
Geohas J, Daly A, Juturu V, Finch M, Komorowski JR. Am J Med Sci. 2007 Mar;333(3):145-53. Chromium picolinate and biotin combination reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial
In the CPB group, glucose levels decreased at 1 hour and 2 hours and glucose area under the curve and fructosamine level were significantly decreased. Ratios of total to HDL cholesterol, LDL to HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL to HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased between the treatments at final visit. No significant adverse events were observed in the CPB or placebo groups. These results suggest that the combination of chromium picolinate and biotin may be a valuable nutritional adjuvant therapy to reduce AIP and correlated CVD risk factors in people with T2DM. [Abstract]
Singer GM, Geohas J. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006 Dec;8(6):636-43. The effect of chromium picolinate and biotin supplementation on glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial
This pilot study demonstrates that supplementation with a combination of chromium picolinate and biotin in poorly controlled patients with diabetes receiving antidiabetic therapy improved glucose management and several lipid measurements. Chromium picolinate/ biotin supplementation may represent an effective adjunctive nutritional therapy to people with poorly controlled diabetes with the potential for improving lipid metabolism. [Abstract]
Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JR. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005 Sep;11(5):302-14. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving
The results of this study suggest that the main effect of chromium was on carbohydrate craving and appetite regulation in depressed patients and that 600 mug of elemental chromium may be beneficial for patients with atypical depression who also have severe carbohydrate craving. [Abstract]

Biotine

McCarty MF. Med Hypotheses. 1999 May;52(5):401-6. High-dose biotin, an inducer of glucokinase expression, may synergize with chromium picolinate to enable a definitive nutritional therapy for type II diabetes
Glucokinase (GK), expressed in hepatocyte and pancreatic beta cells, has a central regulatory role in glucose metabolism. Efficient GK activity is required for normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, postprandial hepatic glucose uptake, and the appropriate suppression of hepatic glucose output and gluconeogenesis by elevated plasma glucose. Hepatic GK activity is subnormal in diabetes, and GK may also be decreased in the beta cells of type II diabetics. In supraphysiological concentrations, biotin promotes the transcription and translation of the GK gene in hepatocytes; this effect appears to be mediated by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase. More recent evidence indicates that biotin likewise increases GK activity in islet cells. On the other hand, high-dose biotin suppresses hepatocyte transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the rate-limiting enzyme for gluconeogenesis. Administration of high-dose biotin has improved glycemic control in several diabetic animals models, and a recent Japanese clinical study concludes that biotin (3 mg t.i.d. orally) can substantially lower fasting glucose in type II diabetics, without side-effects.[Abstract]
Fuhr JP Jr, He H, Goldfarb N, Nash DB. Dis Manag. 2005 Aug;8(4):265-75. Use of chromium picolinate and biotin in the management of type 2 diabetes: an economic analysis
Chromium picolinate plus biotin (Diachrome) use among the 1.17 million newly diagnosed patients with T2DM each year could deliver lifetime cost savings of 42 billion dollars, or 36,000 dollars per T2DM patient. Affordable, safe, and convenient, chromium picolinate plus biotin (Diachrome) could prove to be a cost-effective complement to existing pharmacological therapies for controlling T2DM.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Magnesium

Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Nutr Rev. 2012 Mar;70(3):153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?
In comparison with calcium, magnesium is an "orphan nutrient" that has been studied considerably less heavily. Low magnesium intakes and blood levels have been associated with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, elevated C-reactive protein, hypertension, atherosclerotic vascular disease, sudden cardiac death, osteoporosis, migraine headache, asthma, and colon cancer. Almost half (48%) of the US population consumed less than the required amount of magnesium from food in 2005-2006. [Abstract]
RIVM; Dutch Nationa Food Consumption Survey 2007 - 2010; Diet of children and adults aged 7 to 69 years
Uit de peiling blijkt ook dat een deel van de bevolking minder vitamine A, B1, C en E, magnesium, kalium en zink binnen krijgt dan wordt aanbevolen.[Article]
Marier JR. Magnesium. 1986;5(1):1-8. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-day world
A large-scale US survey has shown that the dietary magnesium intake tends to be lower than recommended. The suboptimal intake prevalent among US adults is consistent with the pattern observed in other North American and European surveys.[Abstract]
Barbagallo M, Belvedere M, Dominguez LJ. Magnes Res. 2009 Dec;22(4):235-46. Magnesium homeostasis and aging
Aging is very often associated with magnesium (Mg) deficit. Total plasma magnesium concentrations are remarkably constant in healthy subjects throughout life, while total body Mg and Mg in the intracellular compartment tend to decrease with age. Dietary Mg deficiencies are common in the elderly population. Other frequent causes of Mg deficits in the elderly include reduced Mg intestinal absorption, reduced Mg bone stores, and excess urinary loss.[Abstract]
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(7):832-9. Magnesium and aging
Aging is very often associated with Mg inadequacy and with increased incidence of many chronic diseases, with muscle loss and sarcopenia, altered immune responses, and vascular and metabolic conditions, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and the cardiometabolic syndrome. The most common cause of Mg deficit in the elderly population is dietary Mg deficiency, although secondary Mg deficit in aging may also results from many different mechanisms.[Abstract]
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Feb 1;458(1):40-7. Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance
Epidemiologic studies showed a high prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and lower intracellular Mg concentrations in diabetic subjects. [Abstract]
de Lordes Lima M, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Rodrigues LE, Barbosa K, Canguçu V. Diabetes Care. 1998 May;21(5):682-6. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes
Mg depletion is common in poorly controlled patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in those with neuropathy or coronary disease. More prolonged use of Mg in doses that are higher than usual is needed to establish its routine or selective administration in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve control or prevent chronic complications.[Abstract]
Lima Mde L, Cruz T, Rodrigues LE, Bomfim O, Melo J, Correia R, Porto M, Cedro A, Vicente E. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009 Feb;83(2):257-62. Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome--evidences for its relation to insulin resistance
In conclusion, magnesium depletion in serum and mononuclear cells is common in obese people with metabolic syndrome, and it is more evident in non-white people with insulin resistance. This depletion may contribute to a post-receptor insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Volpe SL. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Mar;48(3):293-300. Magnesium, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Magnesium is an essential mineral and has been established as a cofactor for over 300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some research has indicated that lower intakes of magnesium and lower serum magnesium concentrations may lead to and are associated with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Belin RJ, He K. Magnes Res. 2007 Jun;20(2):107-29. Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome
Recently, there has been burgeoning experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data that provides strong evidence that dietary magnesium intake and supplementation are inversely associated with the risk for MetS and its components.[Abstract]
Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2116-22. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
This meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting that magnesium intake is significantly inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner.[Article]
Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119-29. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review
Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Huerta MG, Roemmich JN, Kington ML, Bovbjerg VE, Weltman AL, Holmes VF, Patrie JT, Rogol AD, Nadler JL. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1175-81. Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children
The association between magnesium deficiency and IR is present during childhood. Serum magnesium deficiency in obese children may be secondary to decreased dietary magnesium intake. Magnesium supplementation or increased intake of magnesium-rich foods may be an important tool in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese children.[Article]
Celik N, Andiran N, Yilmaz AE. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24(9-10):675-8. The relationship between serum magnesium levels with childhood obesity and insulin resistance: a review of the literature
Low serum magnesium levels may contribute to the development of insulin resistance in obese children.[Abstract]
Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rock E, Mazur A. Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43. High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation
There is also experimental and clinical evidence that the amount of magnesium in the western diet is insufficient to meet individual needs and that magnesium deficiency may contribute to insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Since magnesium deficiency has a pro-inflammatory effect, the expected consequence would be an increased risk of developing insulin resistance when magnesium deficiency is combined with a high-fructose diet. [Article]
Davì G, Santilli F, Patrono C. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Aug;28(4):216-26. Nutraceuticals in diabetes and metabolic syndrome
Several nutraceuticals used in clinical practice have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and their complications and to favorably modulate a number of biochemical and clinical endpoints. These compounds include antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E, flavonoids, vitamin D, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals such as chromium and magnesium, alpha-lipoic acid, phytoestrogens, and dietary fibers.[Abstract]
Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011 Mar;13(3):281-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial
The results provide significant evidence that oral Mg supplementation improves insulin sensitivity even in normomagnesemic, overweight, non-diabetic subjects emphasizing the need for an early optimization of Mg status to prevent insulin resistance and subsequently type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Guerrero-Romero F, Tamez-Perez HE, González-González G, Salinas-Martínez AM, Montes-Villarreal J, Treviño-Ortiz JH, Rodríguez-Morán M. Diabetes Metab. 2004 Jun;30(3):253-8. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial
Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in hypomagnesemic non-diabetic subjects. Clinical implications of this finding have to be established.[Abstract]
Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1147-52. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
Oral supplementation with MgCl(2) solution restores serum magnesium levels, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients with decreased serum magnesium levels.[Abstract]
Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Gambardella A, Pizza G, Tesauro P, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jun;55(6):1161-7. Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects
In aged patients, correction of a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration may allow an improvement of glucose handling.[Article]
Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Galioto A, Ferlisi A, Cani C, Malfa L, Pineo A, Busardo' A, Paolisso G. Mol Aspects Med. 2003 Feb-Jun;24(1-3):39-52. Role of magnesium in insulin action, diabetes and cardio-metabolic syndrome X
By contrast, in NIDDM patients daily Mg administration, restoring a more appropriate intracellular Mg concentration, contributes to improve insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The benefits deriving- from daily Mg supplementation in NIDDM patients are further supported by epidemiological studies showing that high daily Mg intake are predictive of a lower incidence of NIDDM.[Abstract]
Paolisso G, Barbagallo M. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Mar;10(3):346-55. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance: the role of intracellular magnesium
Similarly, in HP patients magnesium administration may be useful in decreasing arterial blood pressure and improving insulin-mediated glucose uptake. The benefits deriving from daily magnesium supplementation in NIDDM and HP patients are further supported by epidemiological studies showing that high daily magnesium intake to be predictive of a lower incidence of NIDDM and HP.[Abstract]
Eibl NL, Kopp HP, Nowak HR, Schnack CJ, Hopmeier PG, Schernthaner G. Diabetes Care. 1995 Feb;18(2):188-92. Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: effect of a 3-month replacement therapy
We conclude that oral magnesium replacement therapy corrects hypomagnesemia after a minimum treatment period of 3 months. These observations might be important for the prevention of diabetic late complications.[Abstract]
Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Aug;93(8):676-80. Serum magnesium and C-reactive protein levels
Magnesium depletion is independently associated with elevated hsCRP levels, suggesting that hypomagnesemia and low-grade inflammation are interactive risk factors.[Abstract]
Romeo GR, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Aug;32(8):1771-6. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation--mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, are associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that can be detected both systemically and within specific tissues. Areas of active investigation focus on the molecular bases of metabolic inflammation and potential pathogenic roles in insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[Abstract]
He K, Song Y, Belin RJ, Chen Y. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006 Fall;1(5):351-5. Magnesium intake and the metabolic syndrome: epidemiologic evidence to date
The importance of magnesium intake in relation to the metabolic syndrome has been increasingly recognized. Magnesium is an essential mineral, critical for a number of metabolic functions in the human body.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Alfa liponzuur

Henriksen EJ Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Jan 1;40(1):3-12. Exercise training and the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment of insulin-resistant animals and type 2 diabetic humans with antioxidants, including alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), is associated with improvements in skeletal muscle glucose transport activity and whole-body glucose tolerance. These studies highlight the effectiveness of combining endurance exercise training and antioxidants in beneficially modulating the molecular defects in insulin action observed in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle.[Abstract]
Jacob S, Ruus P, Hermann R, Tritschler HJ, Maerker E, Renn W, Augustin HJ, Dietze GJ, Rett K. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999 Aug;27(3-4):309-14. Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial
The results suggest that oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid can improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes. The encouraging findings of this pilot trial need to be substantiated by further investigations.[Abstract]
Kamenova P. Hormones (Athens). 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):251-8. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid
short-term oral alpha-lipoic acid treatment increases peripheral insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Article]
Zhang Y, Han P, Wu N, He B, Lu Y, Li S, Liu Y, Zhao S, Liu L, Li Y. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Aug;19(8):1647-53. doi: 10.1038/oby.2011.121. Amelioration of lipid abnormalities by ?-lipoic acid through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects
The results indicate that short-term treatment with ALA can improve insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile possibly through amelioration of oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory reaction in obese patients with IGT.[Article]
Romeo GR, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Aug;32(8):1771-6. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and roles of inflammation--mechanisms and therapeutic targets
Obesity and its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, are associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that can be detected both systemically and within specific tissues. Areas of active investigation focus on the molecular bases of metabolic inflammation and potential pathogenic roles in insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[Abstract]
Pershadsingh HA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007 Mar;16(3):291-302. Alpha-lipoic acid: physiologic mechanisms and indications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome
To a large extent, these findings can explain the observed beneficial metabolic effects of alpha-lipoic acid, supporting its potential application as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome.[Abstract]
Sola S, Mir MQ, Cheema FA, Khan-Merchant N, Menon RG, Parthasarathy S, Khan BV. Circulation. 2005 Jan 25;111(3):343-8. Epub 2005 Jan 17. Irbesartan and lipoic acid improve endothelial function and reduce markers of inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: results of the Irbesartan and Lipoic Acid in Endothelial Dysfunction (ISLAND) study
Administration of irbesartan and/or lipoic acid to patients with the metabolic syndrome improves endothelial function and reduces proinflammatory markers, factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.[Article]
Konrad D. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005 Jul-Aug;7(7-8):1032-9. Utilization of the insulin-signaling network in the metabolic actions of alpha-lipoic acid-reduction or oxidation?
It is suggested that alpha-lipoic acid through its prooxidant properties acutely stimulates the insulin-signaling cascade, thereby increasing glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells. Moreover, given the potential role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of secondary complications in diabetes, alpha-lipoic acid might be beneficial in the prevention/treatment of these complications as was recently shown for diabetic neuropathy.[Abstract]
Jacob S, Henriksen EJ, Schiemann AL, Simon I, Clancy DE, Tritschler HJ, Jung WI, Augustin HJ, Dietze GJ. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Aug;45(8):872-4. Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-lipoic acid
This is the first clinical study to show that alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin stimulated glucose disposal in NIDDM. The mode of action of ALA and its potential use as an antihyperglycemic agent require further investigation.[Abstract]
Poh ZX, Goh KP. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Dec;9(4):392-8. A current update on the use of alpha lipoic acid in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
There is growing evidence that Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) has beneficial effects on the treatment of T2DM and some of its complications. ALA also targets cellular signal transduction pathways which increases glucose uptake and utilization, thus providing specific targeted therapy in the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetic neuropathy.[Abstract]
Ansar H, Mazloom Z, Kazemi F, Hejazi N. Saudi Med J. 2011 Jun;32(6):584-8. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on blood glucose, insulin resistance and glutathione peroxidase of type 2 diabetic patients
The result of the study showed a significant decrease in FBG and PPG levels, IR-Homeostasis Model Assessment (IR-HOMA index) and GH-Px level in the ALA group. The comparison of differences between FBG and IR at the beginning and at the end of study in the ALA treated group and the placebo group were also significant.[Abstract]
Porasuphatana S, Suddee S, Nartnampong A, Konsil J, Harnwong B, Santaweesuk A. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):12-21. Glycemic and oxidative status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus following oral administration of alpha-lipoic acid: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study
Thirty eight outpatients with type 2 DM were recruited and randomly assigned to either placebo or treatment in various doses of ALA (300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/day) for 6 months. Results showed that fasting blood glucose, HbA1c trended to decrease in a dose-dependent manner. [Abstract]
Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):888-95. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications
Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid, are powerful antioxidants. Dihydrolipoic acid also scavenges superoxide and peroxyl radicals and can regenerate thioredoxin, vitamin C, and glutathione, which in turn can recycle vitamin E. Available data strongly suggest that LA, because of its antioxidant properties, is particularly suited to the prevention and/or treatment of diabetic complications that arise from an overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. [Abstract]
Tankova T, Koev D, Dakovska L. Rom J Intern Med. 2004;42(2):457-64. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy (controlled, randomized, open-label study)
Our results demonstrate that alpha-lipoic acid (Thiogamma) appears to be an effective drug in the treatment of the different forms of autonomic diabetic neuropathy.[Abstract]
Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, Gurieva I, Low PA, Munzel U, Yakhno N, Raz I, Novosadova M, Maus J, Samigullin R. Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2365-70. Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial
Oral treatment with ALA for 5 weeks improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with DSP. An oral dose of 600 mg once daily appears to provide the optimum risk-to-benefit ratio.[Abstract]
Cremer DR, Rabeler R, Roberts A, Lynch B. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;46(3):193-201. Long-term safety of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) consumption: A 2-year study
The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is considered to be 60 mg/kg bw/day.[Abstract]
Segermann J, Hotze A, Ulrich H, Rao GS. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991 Dec;41(12):1294-8. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on the peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine and on serum lipid-, protein- and glucose levels
These results demonstrate that LA interferes with the production of T3 from T4 when it is co-administered with T4. The elevated level of T3, after T4 administration, is reduced by treatment with LA.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Vitamine D

Stein SH, Tipton DA. J Tenn Dent Assoc. 2011 Spring;91(2):30-3; quiz 34-5. Vitamin D and its impact on oral health--an update
Vitamin D has been shown to regulate musculoskeletal health by mediating calcium absorption and mineral homeostasis. Evidence has demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency may place subjects at risk for not only low mineral bone density/osteoporosis and osteopenia but also infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. [Abstract]
Martini LA, Wood RJ. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86 Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome
The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies. [Abstract]
Marcinowska-Suchowierska E, Walicka M, Ta?a?aj M, Horst-Sikorska W, Ignaszak-Szczepaniak M, Sewerynek E. Endokrynol Pol. 2010 Nov-Dec;61(6):723-9. Vitamin D supplementation in adults - guidelines
Vitamin D deficiency in adults may cause osteomalacia, increase fracture risk in osteoporosis, induce cardiovascular diseases, diabetes type 1 and 2, multiple sclerosis, Lesniowski-Crohn disease, and cancer, including colon, breast, and prostate cancer. Possible causes of vitamin D deficiency in a healthy population include decreased cutaneous synthesis and an inadequate intake of vitamin D, both in food and in supplements. Vitamin D deficiency level (25(OH) D. ? 20 ng/mL), is fairly widespread, being found in a substantial percentage of healthy subjects around the world, regardless of race, gender and age.. [Abstract]
Gröber U. Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2010 Oct;33(10):376-83. Vitamin D--an old vitamin in a new perspective
Vitamin D, appears to have an effect on numerous disease states and disorders, including osteoporosis, chronic musculoskeletal pain, diabetes (types 1 and 2), multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. According to many researchers there is currently a worldwide vitamin D deficiency in various populations, including infants, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. The prevalence of vitamin D, insufficiency in the general German population is high. Vitamin D in the food supply is limited and most often inadequate to prevent deficiencies. Supplemental vitamin D is likely necessary to avoid deficiency, especially in winter months. The estimated cost saving effect of improving vitamin D status in Germany might be up to 37.5 billion euros annually. [Abstract]
Baz-Hecht M, Goldfine AB. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Apr;17(2):113-9. The impact of vitamin D deficiency on diabetes and cardiovascular risk
The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and plausible molecular mechanisms linking this to diabetes and cardiovascular risk suggest treatment of vitamin D deficiency to prevent and/or treat diabetes is a promising field to explore. [Abstract]
Penckofer S, Kouba J, Wallis DE, Emanuele MA. Diabetes Educ. 2008 Nov-Dec;34(6):939-40, 942, 944 passim. Vitamin D and diabetes: let the sunshine in
Recently, low serum concentrations of vitamin D have been associated with increased risk for cardiac events. Evidence indicates that persons with diabetes have lower serum concentrations of vitamin D. In addition, persons at risk for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D. [Article]
Holick MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362-71. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis
Numerous epidemiologic studies suggest that exposure to sunlight, which enhances the production of vitamin D(3) in the skin, is important in preventing many chronic diseases. Vitamin D deficiency is often misdiagnosed as fibromyalgia. [Article]
Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5 Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms. [Article]
Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25 Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000
This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation. [Article]
Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):573-80 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients. [Abstract]
Teegarden D, Donkin SS. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92 Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity
Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration. [Abstract]
Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. Diabet Med. 2009 Jan;26(1):19-27. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men
The trial indicates that vitamin D(3) supplementation improves postprandial insulin sensitivity (OGIS) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance (centrally obese but non-diabetic). [Article]
von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Br J Nutr. 2010 Feb;103(4):549-55. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR (P = 0·003 and 0·02, respectively), and fasting insulin decreased (P = 0·02) with supplementation compared with placebo. Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80-119 nmol/l, providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels. [Article]
Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance. [Abstract]
Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM. [Article]
Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life. [Abstract]
Nikooyeh B, Neyestani TR, Farvid M, Alavi-Majd H, Houshiarrad A, Kalayi A, Shariatzadeh N, Gharavi A, Heravifard S, Tayebinejad N,Salekzamani S, Zahedirad M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Apr;93(4):764-71. Daily consumption of vitamin D- or vitamin D + calcium-fortified yogurt drink improved glycemiccontrol in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial
Daily intake of a vitamin D-fortified yogurt drink, either with or without added calcium, improved glycemic status in T2D patients. [Abstract]
Tukaj C. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2008 Oct 9;62:502-10. Adequate level of vitamin D is essential for maintaining good health
It is now recognized that maintaining a serum 25(OH)D3 level of 80 nmol/l (32 ng/ml) or greater is beneficial in the prevention of osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, certain autoimmune diseases, and some forms of cancer. It seems that sensible sun exposure and the use of supplements are the most effective ways of preventing vitamin D deficiency. [Abstract]
Gezondheidsraad:’Naar een toerijkende inname van vitamine D’;Samenvatting, 30 september 2008
Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D. Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer (tabel 1). [Article]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1080S-6S. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. [Article]
Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally. [Abstract]
Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population. [Abstract]
Bos MB, de Vries JH, Wolffenbuttel BH, Verhagen H, Hillege JL, Feskens EJ. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Oct 27;151(43):2382-8. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. On average, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 14%, 19% in men and 12% in women in the MORGEN study, and 16% and 10% in men and women in the PREVEND study. The prevalence in subjects below 40 was 12% for men and 5% for women. The prevalence increased considerably with age. Among subjects with both abdominal obesity and hypertension the prevalence was 68%. [Abstract]
Zittermann A. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Aug;54(8):1164-71. The estimated benefits of vitamin D for Germany
The estimated cost saving effect of improving vitamin D status in Germany might be up to 37.5 billion euro annually. It should be the goal of nutrition and medical societies to erase vitamin D deficiency in Germany within the next 5-10 years. To achieve this goal, the daily production of at least 25 microg of vitamin D in the skin or an equivalent oral intake should be guaranteed. [Abstract]
Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2017-29 The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism. [Article]
Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Grant WB, Bruland Ø, Moan JE. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Aug;54(8):1127-33. Obesity and increased risk of cancer: does decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with increasing body mass index explain some of the association?
Low levels of vitamin D and excess body weight are both factors associated with increased risk of cancer. The increased risk seems to be proportional to the increase in BMI, and to decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level. Our earlier investigations suggest that serum 25(OH)D levels decrease with increasing BMI. [Abstract]
Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, Robins SJ, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Diabetes. 2010 Jan;59(1):242-8. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study
Vitamin D status is strongly associated with variation in subcutaneous and especially visceral adiposity. [Article]
Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Apr;17(4):778-82. Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables
Overweight/obese women are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, largely due to excess adiposity rather than inadequate intake. [Article]
Olson ML, Maalouf NM, Oden JD, White PC, Hutchison MR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov 9. Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Children and Its Relationship to Glucose Homeostasis
Vitamin D deficiency is common in children in this southern United States location and is significantly more prevalent in obese children. Lower 25(OH)D level is associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese children. [Abstract]
Smotkin-Tangorra M, Purushothaman R, Gupta A, Nejati G, Anhalt H, Ten S. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;20(7):817-23. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and adolescents
More than half of the obese children had vitamin D levels <20 ng/ml with equal gender distribution. Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with increased age, BMI, and SBP, and decreased HDL-C. [Abstract]
Kelly A, Brooks LJ, Dougherty S, Carlow DC, Zemel BS. Arch Dis Child. 2011 May;96(5):447-52. Epub 2011 Feb 20. A cross-sectional study of vitamin D and insulin resistance in children
Low 25-OH-D, common in the paediatric population at risk for diabetes (older children, African-Americans, children with increasing BMI-Z) is associated with worse insulin resistance. [Abstract]
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Sep;18(9):1805-11. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Ugalde-Casas PA, Serrano-González M, Cuello-García CA, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration, life factors and obesity in Mexican children
A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and an inverse association between serum 25-OHD concentration and obesity was found. [Article]
Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala NB, Clarke A, Franco OH. Maturitas. 2010 Mar;65(3):225-36. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis
High levels of vitamin D among middle-age and elderly populations are associated with a substantial decrease in cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. If the relationship proves to be causal, interventions targeting vitamin D deficiency in adult populations could potentially slow the current epidemics of cardiometabolic disorders. [Abstract]
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Calcif Tissue Int. 2012 May 24. Vitamin D and Pregnancy: Skeletal Effects, Nonskeletal Effects, and Birth Outcomes
The new RCT data indicate that 4,000 IU/day vitamin D(3) during pregnancy will "normalize" vitamin D metabolism and improve birth outcomes including primary cesarean section and comorbidities of pregnancy with no risk of side effects. [Abstract]
. [Abstract]

Berberine

Huang ZJ, Zeng Y, Lan P, Sun PH, Chen WM. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2011 Nov;11(13):1122-9. Advances in structural modifications and biological activities of berberine: an active compound in traditional Chinese medicine
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Chinese herbs such as Coptidis Rhizome. This paper is a systematic review of the structural modifications of berberine for different biological activities such as antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antimalaria. The current review would provide some useful information for further studies on structural modification of berberine for discovering new drug leads.[Abstract]
Shen N, Li CN, Huan Y, Shen ZF. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2010 Jun;45(6):699-704. Advances of the mechanism study on berberine in the control of blood glucose and lipid as well as metabolism disorders
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from some Chinese medicinal herbs such as Coptidis rhizoma, has been used for the treatment of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal infections as an antibacterial drug in Chinese medicine. In recent years, it was reported to have beneficial effects on the metabolism disorders states of diabetes. The mechanisms involve many aspects of the diabetes, including regulating the blood cholesterol and triglyceride, lowering blood glucose, ameliorating the insulin resistant state and influencing the function of the pancreatic beta cell.[Abstract]
Kong WJ, Zhang H, Song DQ, Xue R, Zhao W, Wei J, Wang YM, Shan N, Zhou ZX, Yang P, You XF, Li ZR, Si SY, Zhao LX, Pan HN, Jiang JD. Metabolism. 2009 Jan;58(1):109-19. Berberine reduces insulin resistance through protein kinase C-dependent up-regulation of insulin receptor expression
In cultured human liver cells, BBR increased InsR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results suggest that BBR is a unique natural medicine against insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.[Abstract]
Yin J, Xing H, Ye J. Metabolism. 2008 May;57(5):712-7. Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
The hypoglycemic effect of berberine was similar to that of metformin. Significant decreases in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; from 9.5% ± 0.5% to 7.5% ± 0.4%, P<0.01), fasting blood glucose (FBG; from 10.6 ± 0.9 mmol/L to 6.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L, P<0.01), postprandial blood glucose (PBG; from 19.8 ± 1.7 to 11.1 ± 0.9 mmol/L, P<0.01) and plasma triglycerides (from 1.13 ± 0.13 mmol/L to 0.89 ± 0.03 mmol/L, P<0.05) were observed in the berberine group Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR were reduced by 28.1% and 44.7% (P<0.001), respectively. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were decreased significantly as well. During the trial, 20 (34.5%) patients experienced transient gastrointestinal adverse effects. [Article]
Zhang H, Wei J, Xue R, Wu JD, Zhao W, Wang ZZ, Wang SK, Zhou ZX, Song DQ, Wang YM, Pan HN, Kong WJ, Jiang JD. Metabolism. 2010 Feb;59(2):285-92. Berberine lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through increasing insulin receptor expression
Our results confirmed the activity of BBR on InsR in humans and its relationship with the glucose-lowering effect. Together with our previous report, we strongly suggest BBR as an ideal medicine for T2DM with a mechanism different from metformin and rosiglitazone.[Abstract]
Xia X, Yan J, Shen Y, Tang K, Yin J, Zhang Y, Yang D, Liang H, Ye J, Weng J. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 3;6(2):e16556. Berberine improves glucose metabolism in diabetic rats by inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis
The data suggest that BBR improves fasting blood glucose by direct inhibition of gluconeogenesis in liver. This activity is not dependent on insulin action. The gluconeogenic inhibition is likely a result of mitochondria inhibition by BBR. The observation supports that BBR improves glucose metabolism through an insulin-independent pathway.[Article]
Zhang Y, Li X, Zou D, Liu W, Yang J, Zhu N, Huo L, Wang M, Hong J, Wu P, Ren G, Ning G. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jul;93(7):2559-65. Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine
In the berberine group, fasting and postload plasma glucose decreased from 7.0 +/- 0.8 to 5.6 +/- 0.9 and from 12.0 +/- 2.7 to 8.9 +/- 2.8 mm/liter, HbA1c from 7.5 +/- 1.0% to 6.6 +/- 0.7%, triglyceride from 2.51 +/- 2.04 to 1.61 +/- 1.10 mm/liter, total cholesterol from 5.31 +/- 0.98 to 4.35 +/- 0.96 mm/liter, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol from 3.23 +/- 0.81 to 2.55 +/- 0.77 mm/liter, with all parameters differing from placebo significantly (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.001, P < 0.0001, and P <0.0001, respectively).[Article]
Turner N, Li JY, Gosby A, To SW, Cheng Z, Miyoshi H, Taketo MM, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, James DE, Hu LH, Li J, Ye JM. Diabetes. 2008 May;57(5):1414-8. Berberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin action
Complex I of the respiratory chain represents a major target for compounds that improve whole-body insulin sensitivity through increased AMPK activity. The identification of a novel derivative of BBR with improved in vivo efficacy highlights the potential importance of BBR as a novel therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.[Article]
Yin J, Gao Z, Liu D, Liu Z, Ye J. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jan;294(1):E148-56. Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis
These results suggest that berberine enhances glucose metabolism by stimulation of glycolysis, which is related to inhibition of glucose oxidation in mitochondria. Berberine-induced AMPK activation is likely a consequence of mitochondria inhibition that increases the AMP/ATP ratio.[Article]
Li ZQ, Zuo DY, Qie XD, Qi H, Zhao MQ, Wu YL. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Jul 13;142(2):474-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.022. Berberine acutely inhibits the digestion of maltose in the intestine
Our findings suggest an additional mechanism of the hypoglycemic activity of berberine by demonstrating its ability to acutely inhibit the ?-glucosidase, and support the traditional use of berberine and Chinese Goldthread Rhizome for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Lau CW, Yao XQ, Chen ZY, Ko WH, Huang Y. Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 2001 Fall;19(3):234-44. Cardiovascular actions of berberine
The cardiovascular effects of berberine suggest its possible clinical usefulness in the treatment of arrhythmias and/or heart failure.[Abstract]
Huang W. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 1990 Jun;18(3):155-6, 190. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with berberin
These results revealed that berberine is effective for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. There were no severe side effects, only mild gastroenterologic symptoms were observed in some patients.[Abstract]
Diogo CV, Machado NG, Barbosa IA, Serafim TL, Burgeiro A, Oliveira PJ. Curr Drug Targets. 2011 Jun;12(6):850-9. Berberine as a promising safe anti-cancer agent - is there a role for mitochondria?
Several evidences suggest that berberine possesses several therapeutic uses, including anti-tumoral activity. The present review supplies evidence that berberine is a safe anti-cancer agent, exerting several effects on mitochondria, including inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I and interaction with the adenine nucleotide translocator which can explain several of the described effects on tumor cells.[Abstract]
Yang J, Ljn J. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2007 May;32(10):881-3, 934. Advance on study in anti-tumor mechamism of bererine (Ber)
The article submitted the new progress of the study in antitumor mechanism of bererine (Ber). Reports indicated that Ber suppressed growth of tumor cells through impacting tumor cells growth cycle, inhibiting synthesises of DNA and protein, and reducing the activity of topoisomerase. Ber improved tumor cells apoptosis through several ways such as regulating apoptotic gene expression, inducing the decline of transmembrane potential on mitochondria. And Ber still could inhibit tumor metastasis through suppressing the formation of tumor angiogenesis, blocking signal transduction pathway, antagonizing extralumen, et al. In addition, Ber could induce tumor cells to differentiate to antagonize tumor.[Abstract]
Guo Y, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Klaassen CD, Zhou HH. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;68(2):213-7. Repeated administration of berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 in humans
Repeated administration of berberine (300 mg, t.i.d., p.o.) decreased CYP2D6, 2C9, and CYP3A4 activities. Drug-drug interactions should be considered when berberine is administered.[Abstract]
Guo Y, Pope C, Cheng X, Zhou H, Klaassen CD. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 31;138(1):111-8. Dose-response of berberine on hepatic cytochromes P450 mRNA expression and activities in mice
In general, liver function of mice treated with various doses of berberine had no significant change, and repeated oral administration of the 3 lower doses of berberine for 14 days did not affect the expression of genes examined. However, after the highest dose of berberine (300mg/kg), Cyp3a11 and Cyp3a25 mRNA decreased 67.6 and 87.4%, respectively, whereas Cyp1a2 mRNA increased 43.2%, and enzyme activities of Cyp3a11 and Cyp2d22 decreased 67.9 and 32.4%, respectively. Cyp2a4, 2b10 and Cyp2c29 were not altered at both mRNA and enzyme activity levels. If studies in mice extrapolate to humans, lower doses of berberine appear to present a low risk of producing drug-drug interactions as a result of changed Cyp enzyme activity. However, high doses of berberine may suppress Cyp activities and result in drug-drug interactions. [Abstract]
Guo Y, Li F, Ma X, Cheng X, Zhou H, Klaassen CD. Xenobiotica. 2011 Jul 25. CYP2D plays a major role in berberine metabolism in liver of mice and humans
CYP2D plays a major role in berberine biotransformation, therefore, CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics and potential drug-drug interactions should be considered when berberine is used.[Abstract]
Zhao Y, Hellum BH, Liang A, Nilsen OG. Phytother Res. 2011 Jun 16. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3554 The In Vitro Inhibition of Human CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by Tetrahydropalmatine, Neferine and Berberine
No clinical significant metabolic interaction seems likely to occur between the CYP enzymes and herbal constituents tested, with a possible exception for the CYP2D6 inhibition by Tet and Ber.[Abstract]

Metformine

Wilcock C, Bailey CJ. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1991 Feb;43(2):120-1. Reconsideration of inhibitory effect of metformin on intestinal glucose absorption
The results suggest that metformin decreases intestinal glucose absorption in a dose-dependent manner by effects on mucosal and serosal glucose transfer.[Abstract]
Bouza C, López-Cuadrado T, Gutierrez-Torres LF, Amate J. Obes Facts. 2012 Oct 26;5(5):753-765. Efficacy and Safety of Metformin for Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adolescents: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The available evidence indicates that, in the short term, administration of metformin in addition to lifestyle modification is relatively effective for reducing BMI and hyperinsulinemia among obese adolescents without related morbidity, and displays an acceptable safety pattern. Nevertheless, its long-term impact is unknown.[Abstract]
Link JT. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 Apr;4(4):421-9. Pharmacological regulation of hepatic glucose production
The discovery of antidiabetic agents that inhibit hepatic glucose production is a popular and potentially fruitful research area for the pharmaceutical research community. Metformin, a marketed agent with this mechanism of action, is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Bouchoucha M, Uzzan B, Cohen R. Diabetes Metab. 2011 Apr;37(2):90-6. Metformin and digestive disorders
Digestive disorders (diarrhoea, vomiting) represent the most common metformin side-effects (around 30%) with this first-line drug treatment for type 2 diabetes. In healthy individuals, metformin affects glucose, vitamin B12 and the digestive uptake of bile salts. In the colon, it acts locally by modifying glucose cell metabolism.[Abstract]
de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Wulffelé MG, van der Kolk J, Bets D, Verburg J, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. BMJ. 2010 May 20;340:c2181. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c2181. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial
Long term treatment with metformin increases the risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency, which results in raised homocysteine concentrations. Vitamin B-12 deficiency is preventable; therefore, our findings suggest that regular measurement of vitamin B-12 concentrations during long term metformin treatment should be strongly considered.[Article]
Nervo M, Lubini A, Raimundo FV, Faulhaber GA, Leite C, Fischer LM, Furlanetto TW. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2011 Jan-Feb;57(1):46-9. Vitamin B12 in metformin-treated diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Brazil
The present findings suggest a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated diabetic patients. Older patients, patients in long term treatment with metformin and low vitamin B12 intake are probably more prone to this deficiency.[Article]
Kos E, Liszek MJ, Emanuele MA, Durazo-Arvizu R, Camacho P. Endocr Pract. 2012 Mar-Apr;18(2):179-84. Effect of metformin therapy on vitamin D and vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
This study confirms the higher prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes than in those not treated with metformin. This study also suggests that vitamin D deficiency is not a clinical concern among metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes and that metformin does not negatively affect treatment of vitamin D deficiency in these patients.[Abstract]
Calvo Romero JM, Ramiro Lozano JM. Endocrinol Nutr. 2012 Oct;59(8):487-490. doi: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.06.005. Vitamin B(12) in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin
In type 2 diabetic patients, treatment with metformin is associated to lower vitamin B12 plasma levels. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with metformin is relatively common in our area.[Abstract]
Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CD. J Intern Med. 2003 Nov;254(5):455-63. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
In patients with type 2 diabetes, 16 weeks of treatment with metformin reduces levels of folate and vitamin B12, which results in a modest increase in homocysteine. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be investigated.[Article]
Moore E, Mander A, Ames D, Carne R, Sanders K, Watters D. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012 Jan 6:1-16. Cognitive impairment and vitamin B12: a review
Low serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with neurodegenerative disease and cognitive impairment. There is a small subset of dementias that are reversible with vitamin B12 therapy and this treatment is inexpensive and safe. Vitamin B12 therapy does not improve cognition in patients without pre-existing deficiency. There is a need for large, well-resourced clinical trials to close the gaps in our current understanding of the nature of the associations of vitamin B12 insufficiency and neurodegenerative disease.[Abstract]
Mahajan R, Gupta K. J Young Pharm. 2010 Oct;2(4):428-9. Revisiting Metformin: Annual Vitamin B12 Supplementation may become Mandatory with Long-Term Metformin Use
eficiency of Vitamin B12 (vit B(12)) is a known sequel of prolonged metformin therapy. It was recommended to have annual measurement of serum vit B(12) levels in patients on long term metformin therapy way back in 1970 itself. After more than 50 years of use of metformin, we have come to know that metformin induced vit B(12) deficiency can cause neuropathy; forcing to change the recommendation from annual screening of vit B(12) levels to annual supplementation of vit B(12)..[Article]
Bell DS. South Med J. 2010 Mar;103(3):265-7. Metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as a peripheral neuropathy
Chronic metformin use results in vitamin B12 deficiency in 30% of patients. Exhaustion of vitamin B12 stores usually occurs after twelve to fifteen years of absolute vitamin B12 deficiency. Metformin has been available in the United States for approximately fifteen years. Vitamin B12 deficiency, which may present without anemia and as a peripheral neuropathy, is often misdiagnosed as diabetic neuropathy, although the clinical findings are usually different.[Abstract]
Pozzilli P, Guglielmi C. Endocr Dev. 2009;14:151-66. Epub 2009 Feb 27. Double diabetes: a mixture of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in youth
The increase in the number of children and adolescents with a mixture of the two types of diabetes has recently come to light (i.e. subjects who are obese and/or with signs of insulin resistance as well as positive for markers of autoimmunity to beta cells). .[Abstract]
Uruska A, Araszkiewicz A. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2009;15(2):119-23. Insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes
However clinical features of insulin resistance are present also in many patients with type 1 diabetes. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes is an extremely important clinical aspect because it increases the risk of chronic complications' development. Identification of insulin resistant patient with type 1 diabetes is essential for better metabolic control and prevention of longterm complications in this group. [Abstract]
Chillarón JJ, Goday A, Pedro-Botet J. Med Clin (Barc). 2008 Apr 5;130(12):466-70. Metabolic syndrome, type 1 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance
Although metabolic syndrome is generally associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the present review emphasizes the possible presence of metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes and the impact of insulin resistance on micro- and macrovascular complications.[Abstract]
Pang TT, Narendran P. Diabet Med. 2008 Sep;25(9):1015-24. Addressing insulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is recognised to include an element of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is an independent risk factor for the development of macro- and microvascular complications of Type 1 diabetes and may also contribute to the development of the disease. This review examines the evidence for insulin resistance in the pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetes and its complications, the problems associated with its measurement, and summarizes the trials aimed at reducing insulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes. This includes a meta-analysis of controlled trials of adjuvant metformin in Type 1 diabetes.[Abstract]
Abdelghaffar S, Attia AM. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006691. Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents
There is some evidence suggesting improvement of metabolic control in poorly controlled adolescents with type 1 diabetes, on addition of metformin to insulin therapy. Stronger evidence is required from larger studies, carried out over longer time periods to document the long-term effects on metabolic control, health-related quality of life as well as morbidity and mortality in those patients.[Abstract]
Mazokopakis EE, Starakis IK. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012 Sep;97(3):359-67. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.06.001 Recommendations for diagnosis and management of metformin-induced vitamin B12 (Cbl) deficiency
A possible diagnosis of this deficiency is based mainly on the combination of patient's medical history (usually long-term metformin use), clinical examination (possible neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs), laboratory studies which confirm a Cbl deficiency (haematological abnormalities, low serum Cbl levels, elevated serum total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels), and exclusion other causes of Cbl deficiency (as pernicious anaemia, food-cobalamin malabsorption syndrome, other drugs, etc.)[Abstract]
De NHG-Standaard Diabetes mellitus type 2
De belangrijkste groepen bloedglucoseverlagende middelen zijn metformine, sulfonylureumderivaten en thiazolidinedionen; repaglinide kan worden voorgeschreven bij een gestoorde nierfunctie.[Article]

Coccinia indica

Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Jun;81(1):81-100. Medicinal plants of India with anti-diabetic potential
Indian plants which are most effective and the most commonly studied in relation todiabetes and their complications are: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Cajanus cajan, Coccinia indica, Caesalpinia bonducella, Ficus bengalenesis, Gymnema sylvestre, Momordica charantia, Ocimum sanctum, Pterocarpus marsupium, Swertia chirayita, Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia and Trigonella foenum graecum. Among these we have evaluated M. charantia, Eugenia jambolana, Mucuna pruriens, T. cordifolia, T. foenum graecum, O. sanctum, P. marsupium, Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea. All plants have shown varying degree of hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity.[Abstract]
Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1277-94. Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes
The best evidence for efficacy from adequately designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is available for Coccinia indica and American ginseng.[Article]
Khan AK, AKhtar S, Mahtab H. Br Med J. 1980 Apr 12;280(6220):1044. Treatment of diabetes mellitus with Coccinia indica
Out of the 16 patients who received the C indica tablets, glucose tolerance considerably improved in 10, while none of those taking placebo showed such an improvement.[Article]
Kuriyan R, Rajendran R, Bantwal G, Kurpad AV. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):216-20. Effect of supplementation of Coccinia cordifolia extract on newly detected diabetic patients
There was a significant decrease in the fasting, postprandial blood glucose and A1C of the experimental group compared with that of the placebo group. The fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels of the experimental group at day 90 significantly decreased, by 16 and 18%, respectively. This study suggests that Coccinia cordifolia extract has a potential hypoglycemic action in patients with mild diabetes. However, further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms of action.[Article]
Kamble SM, Kamlakar PL, Vaidya S, Bambole VD. Indian J Med Sci. 1998 Apr;52(4):143-6. Influence of Coccinia indica on certain enzymes in glycolytic and lipolytic pathway in human diabetes
Dried extract of C Indica in doses of 500 mgm/kg body weight were administered orally to 30 diabetic patients for six weeks. Hence, it can be postulated that the ingredients present in the extract of C. indica, act like insulin, correcting the elevated enzymes G-6-p (ase), LDH in glycolytic pathway and restore the LPL activity in lypolytic pathway with the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes.[Abstract]
Manjula S, Ragavan B. Anc Sci Life. 2007 Oct;27(2):34-7. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic effect of Coccinia indica Wight & Arn in alloxan induced diabetic rats
Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by elevated plasma glucose concentrations resulting from insufficient insulin. The present study was aimed to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of Coccinia indica aqueous leaf extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The results of this study revealed that a continuous administration of Coccinia indica extract for 21 days prevents the elevation of the level of serum lipids secondary to the diabetes state. This study demonstrated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Coccinia indica leaf extract on blood glucose and cholesterol, TG, LDL, VLDL level in alloxan induced diabetic rats. [Article]
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Wong J, Xu Z, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Arnason JT, Assinewe V, Stavro MP, Jenkins AL, Leiter LA, Francis T. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Apr;73(4):753-8. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals
Two-way analysis of variance showed that the main effects of treatment and administration time were significant (P < 0.05). Glycemia was lower over the last 45 min of the test after doses of 1, 2, or 3 g ginseng than after placebo (P < 0.05); there were no significant differences between doses. American ginseng reduced postprandial glycemia in subjects without diabetes. These reductions were time dependent but not dose dependent: an effect was seen only when the ginseng was administered 40 min before the challenge. Doses within the range of 1-3 g were equally effective.[Article]
.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Gymnema sylvestre

Kumar SN, Mani UV, Mani I. J Diet Suppl. 2010 Sep;7(3):273-82. An open label study on the supplementation of Gymnema sylvestre in type 2 diabetics
Supplementation of the diet with GS reduced polyphagia, fatigue, blood glucose (fasting and post-prandial), and glycated hemoglobin and there was a favorable shift in lipid profiles and in other clinico-biochemical tests. These findings suggest a beneficial effect of GS in the management of diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Shanmugasundaram ER, Venkatasubrahmanyam M, Vijendran N, Shanmugasundaram KR. Anc Sci Life. 1988 Jan;7(3-4):183-94. Effect of an isolate from gymnema sylvestre, R. Br. In the control of diabetes mellitus and the associated pathological changes
Gymnema sylvestre, R. Br., popularly known as Meshashringi in Sanskrit and Sarkaraikolli in Tamil, was investigated for the control of type I (insulin dependent) diabetes in experimental animals. The hypoglycaemic extract was found to bring about blood glucose homeostasis, by increasing serum insulin levels. The islets of langerhans appear to be restored or regulated by the herbal extract. Increased glycoprotein, which is the major metabolic abnormality in diabetes mellitus and the resultant nephropathy, retinopathy and micro and macroangiopathy, is brought under control by the administration of the leaf extract. Thus, GS4 makes available circulating insulin levels which will correct metabolic abnormalities in diabetes. Streptozotocin induced diabetes is a classical model of the type I or insulin dependent (juvenile) diabetes, in which the bulk of the insulin producing beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans are destroyed. Hence it is observed that the serum insulin in the fasting is low and that the response of the pancreas to increased blood glucose level is only marginal with the result that increase in serum insulin levels after glucose ingestion is insufficient. However, after GS4 therapy both fasting and post-prandial serum insulin levels are elevated indicating that the number of functional beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans has increased by therapy. This may suggest a regeneration of beta-cells. [Article]
Leach MJ. J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Nov;13(9):977-83. Gymnema sylvestre for diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Experimental studies, for instance, have found that many of the constituents in gymnema decrease the uptake of glucose from the small intestine. In rabbits, gymnema has also demonstrated improvements in glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and hepatic and muscle glucose uptake, as well as the reversal of hemoglobin and plasma protein glycosylation. Some authorities also indicate that gymnema may improve glycemic control by stimulating insulin release from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Given that G. sylvestre targets several of the etiological factors connected with diabetes, including chronic inflammation, obesity, enzymatic defects, and pancreatic beta-cell function, and no single oral hypoglycemic drug presently exerts such a diverse range of effects, suggests that gymnema may be useful in the management of diabetes and the prevention of associated pathological changes. [Article]
Kimura I. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2006 Mar;126(3):133-43. Medical benefits of using natural compounds and their derivatives having multiple pharmacological actions
The multiple pharmacological actions of a unique compound are a prerequisite for classifying drugs as highly efficacious, because the multiple pharmacological actions offer the possibility of treating various symptoms of chronic diseases as described below. Gymnemic acid IV isolated from Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) leaves has antisweet, antihyperglycemic, glucose uptake inhibitory, and gut glycosidase inhibitory effects. Most of these pharmacological effects may synergistically contribute to alleviating type 2 diabetes-related symptoms.[Article]
Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):295-300. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients
The effectiveness of GS4, an extract from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, in controlling hyperglycaemia was investigated in 22 Type 2 diabetic patients on conventional oral anti-hyperglycaemic agents. GS4 (400 mg/day) was administered for 18-20 months as a supplement to the conventional oral drugs. During GS4 supplementation, the patients showed a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and glycosylated plasma proteins, and conventional drug dosage could be decreased. Five of the 22 diabetic patients were able to discontinue their conventional drug and maintain their blood glucose homeostasis with GS4 alone. These data suggest that the beta cells may be regenerated/repaired in Type 2 diabetic patients on GS4 supplementation. This is supported by the appearance of raised insulin levels in the serum of patients after GS4 supplementation.[Abstract]
Shanmugasundaram ER, Rajeswari G, Baskaran K, Rajesh Kumar BR, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Kizar Ahmath B. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):281-94. Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
GS4, a water-soluble extract of the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre, was administered (400 mg/day) to 27 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on insulin therapy. GS4 therapy appears to enhance endogenous insulin, possibly by regeneration/revitalisation of the residual beta cells in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]
Shanmugasundaram ER, Gopinath KL, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Rajendran VM. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Oct;30(3):265-79. Possible regeneration of the islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-diabetic rats given Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts
This herbal therapy appears to bring about blood glucose homeostasis through increased serum insulin levels provided by repair/regeneration of the endocrine pancreas.[Abstract]
Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Maity CR, Chatterjee SK, Koley N, Biswas T, Chatterji AK, Huang GC, Amiel SA, Persaud SJ, Jones PM Phytother Res. 2010 Sep;24(9):1370-6. A novel Gymnema sylvestre extract stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vivo and in vitro
Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) have been used for the treatment of T2DM in India for centuries. Oral administration of OSA(R) (1 g/day, 60 days) induced significant increases in circulating insulin and C-peptide, which were associated with significant reductions in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose. [Abstract]
Persaud SJ, Al-Majed H, Raman A, Jones PM. J Endocrinol. 1999 Nov;163(2):207-12. Gymnema sylvestre stimulates insulin release in vitro by increased membrane permeability
These results confirm the stimulatory effects of G. sylvestre on insulin release, but indicate that GS4 acts by increasing cell permeability, rather than by stimulating exocytosis by regulated pathways.[Article]
Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Al-Romaiyan A, Huang G, Amiel SA, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009;23(1-3):125-32. Characterisation of the insulinotropic activity of an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre in mouse beta-cells and human islets of Langerhans
These data indicate that low concentrations of the GS isolate OSA stimulate insulin secretion in vitro, at least in part as a consequence of Ca2+ influx, without compromising beta-cell viability. Identification of the component of the OSA extract that stimulates regulated insulin exocytosis, and further investigation of its mode(s) of action, may provide promising lead targets for Type 2 diabetes therapy.[Article]
Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Matsuda H. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1997 Dec;45(12):2034-8. Medicinal foodstuffs. X. Structures of new triterpene glycosides, gymnemosides-c, -d, -e, and -f, from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.: influence of gymnema glycosides on glucose uptake in rat small intestinal fragments
The inhibitory effects of gymnemosides-c, -d, -e, and -f and principal triterpene glycosides from G. sylvestre on glucose uptake in rat small intestinal fragments were examined, and gymnemic acids II, III, and IV, gymnemasaponin V, and gymnemoside-f were found to exhibit the inhibitory activity.[Abstract]
Shimizu K, Iino A, Nakajima J, Tanaka K, Nakajyo S, Urakawa N, Atsuchi M, Wada T, Yamashita C. J Vet Med Sci. 1997 Apr;59(4):245-51. Suppression of glucose absorption by some fractions extracted from Gymnema sylvestre leaves.
In conclusion, it is suggested that some of the extracts containing gymnemic acids from GS leaves suppress the elevation of blood glucose level by inhibiting glucose uptake in the intestine.[Article]
Ogawa Y, Sekita K, Umemura T, Saito M, Ono A, Kawasaki Y, Uchida O, Matsushima Y, Inoue T, Kanno J. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2004 Feb;45(1):8-18. Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract: a 52-week dietary toxicity study in Wistar rats
Thus, it was concluded that there was no toxic effect in rats treated with GS at up to 1.00% in the diet for 52 weeks. The no-observable-effect level from this study is 1.00% GS, i.e., 504 mg/kg/day for male and 563 mg/kg/day for female as mean daily intake, for 52 weeks.[Abstract]
Shanmugasundaram KR, Panneerselvam C, Samudram P, Shanmugasundaram ER. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 Mar;7(2):205-34. Enzyme changes and glucose utilisation in diabetic rabbits: the effect of Gymnema sylvestre
Pathological changes initiated in the liver during the hyperglycemic phase are reversed by controlling hyperglycemia by G. sylvestre. G. sylvestre, a herb used for the control of diabetes mellitus in several parts of India, appears to correct the metabolic derangements in diabetic rabbit liver, kidney and muscle.[Abstract]
Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Chin J Integr Med. 2011 Aug;17(8):563-74. E Mechanism of action of natural products used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
This article provides a comprehensive review of the mode of action of most popular hypoglycemic herbs, such as ginseng, bitter melon, fenugreek, banaba, Gymnema sylvestre and Coptis chinensis. The herbs act by increasing insulin secretion, enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues, inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic glucose production.[Abstract]
Al-Romaiyan A, King AJ, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Phytother Res. 2012 Aug 21. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4815. [ A Novel Extract of Gymnema sylvestre Improves Glucose Tolerance In Vivo and Stimulates Insulin Secretion and Synthesis In Vitro
Single administration of OSA® (500?mg/kg) to ob/ob mice 30 min before an intraperitoneal glucose load improved their abnormal glucose tolerance. In vitro studies indicated that OSA® (0.25?mg/ml) initiated rapid and reversible increases in insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets at substimulatory (2?mM) and stimulatory (20?mM) glucose concentrations. In addition, prolonged treatment (24-48?h) of mouse islets with OSA® elevated the expression of preproinsulin mRNA and maintained the total insulin content of mouse islets in the presence of stimulated insulin secretion. These effects of OSA® are consistent with its potential use as a therapy for the hyperglycemia associated with obesity-related T2DM.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Banaba)

Judy WV, Hari SP, Stogsdill WW, Judy JS, Naguib YM, Passwater R. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jul;87(1):115-7. Antidiabetic activity of a standardized extract (Glucosol) from Lagerstroemia speciosa leaves in Type II diabetics. A dose-dependence study
Glucosol in a soft gel capsule formulation showed a 30% decrease in blood glucose levels compared to a 20% drop seen with dry-powder filled hard gelatin capsule formulation (P<0.001), suggesting that the soft gel formulation has a better bioavailability than a dry-powder formulation.[Abstract]
Fukushima M, Matsuyama F, Ueda N, Egawa K, Takemoto J, Kajimoto Y, Yonaha N, Miura T, Kaneko T, Nishi Y, Mitsui R, Fujita Y, Yamada Y, Seino Y. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006 Aug;73(2):174-7. Effect of corosolic acid on postchallenge plasma glucose levels
Corosolic acid (CRA) is a substance extracted from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. and has been reported to have biological activities in in vitro and experimental animal studies. In this study, 31 subjects were orally administered 10mg CRA or a placebo, on different occasions, in a capsule 5min before the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a double-blind and cross-over design. CRA treatment subjects showed lower glucose levels from 60min until 120min and reached statistical significance at 90min. In this study, we have shown for the first time that CRA has a lowering effect on postchallenge plasma glucose levels in vivo in humans.[Abstract]
Stohs SJ, Miller H, Kaats GR. Phytother Res. 2012 Mar;26(3):317-24. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3664. A review of the efficacy and safety of banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and corosolic acid
No adverse effects have been observed or reported in animal studies or controlled human clinical trials. Banaba extract, corosolic acid and other constituents may be beneficial in addressing the symptoms associated with metabolic syndrome, as well as offering other health benefits.[Abstract]
Sivakumar G, Vail DR, Nair V, Medina-Bolivar F, Lay JO Jr. Biotechnol J. 2009 Dec;4(12):1704-11. doi: 10.1002/biot.200900207. Plant-based corosolic acid: future anti-diabetic drug?
Recently, corosolic acid from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. leaf extracts has been reported to act via an indirect mechanism (unlike insulin) in animal experiments. The insulin-complementary anti-diabetic therapeutic value observed in these Japanese preliminary clinical trials has led to renewed interest in the biosynthesis of this compound. [Abstract]
Takagi S, Miura T, Ishibashi C, Kawata T, Ishihara E, Gu Y, Ishida T. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2008 Jun;54(3):266-8. Effect of corosolic acid on the hydrolysis of disaccharides
The banaba leaf (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) has been used in traditional Oriental medicine to treat diabetes in the Philippines. It contains corosolic acid (CA), a compound which has a hypoglycemic effect. We examined the effect of CA on blood glucose levels and the hydrolysis of disaccharides in the small intestine in mice. CA (10 mg/kg body weight) improved hyperglycemia after an oral administration of sucrose, and significantly reduced the hydrolysis of sucrose in the small intestine. These results suggest that the hypoglycemic activity of CA is derived, at least in part, due to the inhibition of the hydrolysis of sucrose.[Article]
Liu F, Kim J, Li Y, Liu X, Li J, Chen X. J Nutr. 2001 Sep;131(9):2242-7. An extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. has insulin-like glucose uptake-stimulatory and adipocyte differentiation-inhibitory activities in 3T3-L1 cell
The unique combination of a glucose uptake stimulatory activity, the absence of adipocyte differentiation activity and effective inhibition of adipocyte differentiation induced by IS-IBMX-DEX in 3T3-L1 cells suggest that BE may be useful for prevention and treatment of hyperglycemia and obesity in type II diabetics.[Article]
Miura T, Takagi S, Ishida T. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:871495. doi: 10.1155/2012/871495. Management of Diabetes and Its Complications with Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) and Corosolic Acid
Banaba (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.) extracts have been used for many years in folk medicine to treat diabetes, with the first published research study being reported in 1940. Corosolic acid has been reported to decrease blood sugar levels within 60?min in human subjects.[Article]
.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Salacia oblonga

Williams JA, Choe YS, Noss MJ, Baumgartner CJ, Mustad VA. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):124-30. Extract of Salacia oblonga lowers acute glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes
Sixty-six patients with diabetes were studied in this randomized, double-blinded crossover study. In a fasted state, subjects consumed 1 of the following 3 meals: a standard liquid control meal, a control meal + 240 mg Salacia oblonga extract, and a control meal + 480 mg Salacia oblonga extract. he extract of Salacia oblonga lowers acute glycemia and insulinemia in persons with type 2 diabetes after a high-carbohydrate meal. The results from this study suggest that Salacia may be beneficial to this population for postprandial glucose control.[Article]
Collene AL, Hertzler SR, Williams JA, Wolf BW. Nutrition. 2005 Jul-Aug;21(7-8):848-54. Effects of a nutritional supplement containing Salacia oblonga extract and insulinogenic amino acids on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and breath hydrogen responses in healthy adults
Salacia oblonga extract, an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and two insulinogenic amino acids. Salacia oblonga extract is a promising nutraceutical ingredient that decreased glycemia in this study. Supplementation with amino acids had no significant additional effect on glycemia.[Abstract]
Heacock PM, Hertzler SR, Williams JA, Wolf BW. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Jan;105(1):65-71. Effects of a medical food containing an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy adults
The presence of S oblonga extract tended to lower postprandial glycemia and significantly reduced the postprandial insulin response. The increase in breath hydrogen excretion suggests a mechanism similar to prescription alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Future studies of S oblonga extract in patients with diabetes are needed.[Abstract]
Li Y, Huang TH, Yamahara J. Life Sci. 2008 May 23;82(21-22):1045-9. Salacia root, a unique Ayurvedic medicine, meets multiple targets in diabetes and obesity
Recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Salacia roots modulate multiple targets: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha-mediated lipogenic gene transcription, angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor, alpha-glucosidase, aldose reductase and pancreatic lipase. These multi-target actions may mainly contribute to Salacia root-induced improvement of type 2 diabetes and obesity-associated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and related cardiovascular complications seen in humans and rodent.[Abstract]
Rong X, Kim MS, Su N, Wen S, Matsuo Y, Yamahara J, Murray M, Li Y. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Jun;46(6):2165-72. An aqueous extract of Salacia oblonga root, a herb-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activator, by oral gavage over 28 days induces gender-dependent hepatic hypertrophy in rats
In the present study, it was found that SOW (100, 300 and 900mg/kg, once daily by oral gavage over a 28 day period) elicited dose-related increases in liver weight (LW) by 1.6%, 13.4% and 42.5%, respectively, and in the ratio of LW to body weight by 8.8%, 16.7% and 40.2%, respectively, in male rats. However, SOW even at the highest dosage did not influence serum ALT and AST activities in male or female rats. [Abstract]
Flammang AM, Erexson GL, Mecchi MS, Murli H. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Nov;44(11):1868-74. Genotoxicity testing of a Salacia oblonga extract
As part of a safety evaluation of novel ingredients for use in blood glucose control, the potential genotoxicity of a S. oblonga root extract (SOE) was evaluated using the standard battery of tests. Use of SOE is presently expected to be safe, as anticipated intake is small compared to the doses administered in the genotoxicity assays and may, after further toxicity research, may prove be a useful ingredient in foodstuffs.[Abstract]
Wolf BW, Weisbrode SE. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jun;41(6):867-74. Safety evaluation of an extract from Salacia oblonga
We conclude that salacinol extract, in a medical food consumed for 2 weeks in amounts estimated at 10-fold greater than proposed for human intake, did not result in clinical chemistry or histopathologic indications of toxic effects in male Sprague-Dawley rats.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Kaneel

Davis PA, Yokoyama W. J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):884-9. Cinnamon intake lowers fasting blood glucose: meta-analysis
Thus cinnamon extract and/or cinnamon improves FBG in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes.[Abstract]
Mang B, Wolters M, Schmitt B, Kelb K, Lichtinghagen R, Stichtenoth DO, Hahn A. Eur J Clin Invest. 2006 May;36(5):340-4. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2
The cinnamon extract seems to have a moderate effect in reducing fasting plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic patients with poor glycaemic control.[Abstract]
Akilen R, Tsiami A, Devendra D, Robinson N Diabet Med. 2010 Oct;27(10):1159-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03079.x. Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial
Intake of 2g of cinnamon for 12 weeks significantly reduces the HbA1c, SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients. Cinnamon supplementation could be considered as an additional dietary supplement option to regulate blood glucose and blood pressure levels along with conventional medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Crawford P. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Sep-Oct;22(5):507-12. Effectiveness of cinnamon for lowering hemoglobin A1C in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial
Taking cinnamon could be useful for lowering serum HbA1C in type 2 diabetics with HbA1C >7.0 in addition to usual care.[Article]
Kirkham S, Akilen R, Sharma S, Tsiami A. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009 Dec;11(12):1100-13. The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
Whilst definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the use of cinnamon as an antidiabetic therapy, it does possess antihyperglycaemic properties and potential to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. Further research is required to confirm a possible correlation between baseline FBG and blood glucose reduction and to assess the potential to reduce pathogenic diabetic complications with cinnamon supplementation.[Abstract]
Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes
The results of this study demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.[Article]
Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Apr;105(6):969-76. Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans
Cinnamon ingestion reduced the glucose response to OGTT on day 1 (-13.1 +/- 6.3% vs. day 0; P < 0.05) and day 14 (-5.5 +/- 8.1% vs. day 0; P = 0.09). Cinnamon ingestion also reduced insulin responses to OGTT on day 14 (-27.1 +/- 6.2% vs. day 0; P < 0.05), as well as improving insulin sensitivity on day 14 (vs. day 0; P < 0.05). These effects were lost following cessation of cinnamon feeding. Cinnamon may improve glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity, but the effects are quickly reversed.[Abstract]
Solomon TP, Blannin AK. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2007 Nov;9(6):895-901. Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance
These data illustrate that cinnamon spice supplementation may be important to in vivo glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in humans, and not only are its effects immediate, they also appear to be sustained for 12 h.[Abstract]
Leach MJ, Kumar S. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD007170. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus
There is insufficient evidence to support the use of cinnamon for type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further trials, which address the issues of allocation concealment and blinding, are now required. The inclusion of other important endpoints, such as health-related quality of life, diabetes complications and costs, is also needed.[Abstract]
Altschuler JA, Casella SJ, MacKenzie TA, Curtis KM. Diabetes Care. 2007 Apr;30(4):813-6. The effect of cinnamon on A1C among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Cinnamon is not effective for improving glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.[Article]
Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Jul;131(7):929-34. Cinnamon-induced oral erythema multiformelike sensitivity reaction
Oral EM or EM-like reactions pose a diagnostic dilemma due to their varied etiologies and clinical manifestations. Correct diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. A negative skin test does not rule out an allergic reaction to food.[Abstract]
Endo H, Rees TD. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Oct 1;12(6):E440-4. Cinnamon products as a possible etiologic factor in orofacial granulomatosis
Although OFG may have multiple etiologies, it is clear that, in some instances, a hypersensitivity reaction to cinnamon products can elicit lesions consistent with OFG.[Article]

Voedingsvezels

Kim H, Stote KS, Behall KM, Spears K, Vinyard B, Conway JM. Eur J Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(3):170-5. Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble fiber, beta-glucan: a dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance
These data suggest that acute consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan is able to induce physiologically beneficial effects on postprandial insulin responses in obese women at risk for insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Jul;53(5):509-18. Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
Dietary fiber may contribute to both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In epidemiological studies the intake of insoluble fiber, but not the intake of soluble fiber, has been inversely associated with the incidence of T2DM. In contrast, in postprandial studies, meals containing sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses in both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM. [Abstract]
Ostman EM, Frid AH, Groop LC, Björck IM. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;60(3):334-41. A dietary exchange of common bread for tailored bread of low glycaemic index and rich in dietary fibre improved insulin economy in young women with impaired glucose tolerance
It is concluded that a combination of low GI and a high content of cereal DF has a beneficial effect on insulin economy in women at risk of developing type II diabetes. This is in accordance with epidemiological data, suggesting that a low dietary GI and/or increased intake of whole grain prevent against development of type II diabetes. [Article]
Kaline K, Bornstein SR, Bergmann A, Hauner H, Schwarz PE. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Sep;39(9):687-93. The importance and effect of dietary fiber in diabetes prevention with particular consideration of whole grain products
The state of prediabetes is characterized by an increase in insulin resistance and a decrease in pancreatic beta cell function. At the present state of knowledge, insoluble dietary fibers as found in whole grain cereal products are considered to be especially effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]
Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL. Nutr Rev. 2009 Apr;67(4):188-205. Health benefits of dietary fiber
Dietary fiber intake provides many health benefits. However, average fiber intakes for US children and adults are less than half of the recommended levels. Individuals with high intakes of dietary fiber appear to be at significantly lower risk for developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and certain gastrointestinal diseases.[Article]
Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):763-9. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group.[Abstract]
Keithley J, Swanson B. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;11(6):30-4 Glucomannan and obesity: a critical review
At doses of 2-4 g per day, GM was well-tolerated and resulted in significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. There is some evidence that GM exerts its beneficial effects by promoting satiety and fecal energy loss. Additionally, GM has been shown to improve lipid and lipoprotein parameters and glycemic status..[Abstract]
Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A Int J Obes. 1984;8(4):289-93 Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study
Results showed a significant mean weight loss (5.5 lbs) using glucomannan over an eight-week period. Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (21.7 and 15.0 mg/dl respectively) in the glucomannan treated group. No adverse reactions to glucomannan were reported.[Abstract]
2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemeten Gezonde voeding en veilig voedsel in Nederland
Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding.[Article]
Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]
Minister Hoogervorst van Volksgezondheid:’Nieuwe richtlijn vezelconsumptie’;kamerstukken, 2006
Met een gerichte aandacht voor de consumptie van voedingsvezels wil ik bereiken dat in 2010 minimaal 20% van de Nederlanders voldoet aan de richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie.[Article]
Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
Witbrood leveren samen 0,8 per portie, bruinbrood 1,8 gram per portie.[Article]
Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL; American Dietetic Association. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Jul;102(7):993-1000 Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber
Dietary fiber consists of the structural and storage polysaccharides and lignin in plants that are not digested in the human stomach and small intestine. A wealth of information supports the American Dietetic Association position that the public should consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber from a variety of plant foods. Recommended intakes, 20-35 g/day for healthy adults and age plus 5 g/day for children, are not being met, because intakes of good sources of dietary fiber, fruits, vegetables, whole and high-fiber grain products, and legumes are low.[Abstract]
Voedingscentrum:’Smeersel met weinig vet zijn de beste keuze’
Het Voorlichtingsbureau Margarine, Vetten en Oliën (MVO) is een campagne gestart om het besmeren van brood te promoten. Onder het motto ‘Een boterham is gezond, maar een boterham met margarine is gezonder’ wordt aangegeven dat het besmeren van brood een belangrijke bijdrage levert aan een gezond eetpatroon. Het Voedingscentrum is het daarmee eens, maar geeft daarbij de voorkeur aan smeersels met zo min mogelijk vet. Die bevatten weinig verzadigd vet én leveren minder calorieën.[Article]
Becel product informatie
Voedingswaarde per 100 gram: - verzadigd 12 g - trans < 1 g[Article]
Gb Plange Introductieactie Gb Plange: Scoren met VollerKoren
In VollerKoren zit liefst 35% meer voedingsvezels dan in gewoon volkoren brood. VollerKoren is iets donkerder en voller van smaak dan volkorenbrood.[Article]
Bergmann JF, Chassany O, Petit A, Triki R, Caulin C, Segrestaa JM. Gut. 1992 Aug;33(8):1042-3 Correlation between echographic gastric emptying and appetite: influence of psyllium
The correlation between echographic gastric emptying and sensations of hunger and satiety was excellent (p < 0.001) after the intake of either psyllium or placebo. Psyllium significantly delayed gastric emptying from the third hour after a meal. It increased the sensation of satiety and decreased hunger at the sixth hour after the meal.[Article]
Rigaud D, Paycha F, Meulemans A, Merrouche M, Mignon M. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Apr;52(4):239-45 Effect of psyllium on gastric emptying, hunger feeling and food intake in normal volunteers: a double blind study
Psyllium reduces hunger feelings and energy intake in normal volunteers at reasonable dose and without requiring mixing with the meal. It does not act by slowing down the gastric emptying of hydrosoluble nutrients, but by increase in the time allowed for intestinal absorption, as suggested by the flattening of the postprandial serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides curves.[Abstract]
Brennan CS. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005 Jun;49(6):560-70. Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes
Particular interest has focused on the use of dietary fibres, especially soluble dietary fibres (such as guar gum, locust bean gum, and psyllium fibres), resistant starch, and slowly digestible carbohydrates. These have been shown to alter food structure, texture, and viscosity, and hence the rate of starch degradation during digestion. Research has also illustrated an association between the rate of carbohydrate degradation during digestion, and the regulation of postprandial blood sugar and insulin levels. [Abstract]
Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
In contrast, in postprandial studies, meals containing sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses in both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM.[Abstract]
Bajorek SA, Morello CM. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Nov;44(11):1786-92. Effects of dietary fiber and low glycemic index diet on glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Psyllium supplementation might be an additional therapeutic option for people with T2DM who are already receiving diabetes medication and who still experience elevated PPG concentrations. [Abstract]
Weickert MO, Möhlig M, Schöfl C, Arafat AM, Otto B, Viehoff H, Koebnick C, Kohl A, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF:’Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women’;Diabetes Care.29(4):775-80, 2006
After consumption of nine macronutrient-matched portions of fiber-enriched bread (white bread enriched with 31.2 g insoluble fiber/day) or control (white bread) over a time period of 72 h, whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Increased insoluble dietary fiber intake for 3 days significantly improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. These data suggest a potential mechanism linking cereal fiber intake and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.[Article]
Giacco R, Parillo M, Rivellese AA, Lasorella G, Giacco A, D'Episcopo L, Riccardi G. Diabetes Care. 2000 Oct;23(10):1461-6. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiber-rich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients
In type 1 diabetic patients, an HF diet is feasible in the long term and, compared with an LF diet, improves glycemic control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events. [Article]
Metabolism. 2002 Jul;51(7):819-26. Four-week low-glycemic index breakfast with a modest amount of soluble fibers in type 2 diabetic men
In conclusion, the intake of a low-GI breakfast containing a modest amount (3 g) of beta-glucan for 4 weeks allowed Good glycemic control and induced low plasma cholesterol levels in men with type 2 diabetes. [Abstract]
Jenkins AL, Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Rogovik AL, Jovanovski E, Bozikov V, Raheli? D, Vuksan V. Croat Med J. 2008 Dec;49(6):772-82. Comparable postprandial glucose reductions with viscous fiber blend enriched biscuits in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus: acute randomized controlled clinical trial
Viscous fiber blend is a very potent and palatable soluble fiber addition to a starchy snack, which is able to reduce the glycemic response to a similar extent in both healthy participants and individuals with diabetes mellitus. [Article]
Flammang AM, Kendall DM, Baumgartner CJ, Slagle TD, Choe YS. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Oct;25(5):409-14. Effect of a viscous fiber bar on postprandial glycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes
The incorporation of VF into a crispy bar provided a means to improve blood glucose levels by reducing postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Though associated with some GI symptoms, VF may have application in improving the postprandial glycemic response in people with diabetes attempting intensive glucose control.[Article]
Williams JA, Lai CS, Corwin H, Ma Y, Maki KC, Garleb KA, Wolf BW. J Nutr. 2004 Apr;134(4):886-9. Inclusion of guar gum and alginate into a crispy bar improves postprandial glycemia in humans
In conclusion, compared with a control crispy bar, the IVF crispy bar attenuated the postprandial glycemic excursion without gastrointestinal intolerance in healthy adult subjects. [Article]
Clark CA, Gardiner J, McBurney MI, Anderson S, Weatherspoon LJ, Henry DN, Hord NG. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;60(9):1122-9. Effects of breakfast meal composition on second meal metabolic responses in adults with Type 2diabetes mellitus
These data indicate that ingesting a low-glycemic load meal containing psyllium soluble fiber at breakfast significantly improves the breakfast postprandial glycemic, insulinemic and FFA responses in adults with Type 2 DM. These data revealed no residual postprandial effect of the psyllium soluble fiber breakfast meal beyond the second meal consumed.[Article]
Ziai SA, Larijani B, Akhoondzadeh S, Fakhrzadeh H, Dastpak A, Bandarian F, Rezai A, Badi HN, Emami T. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Nov 14;102(2):202-7. Psyllium decreased serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly in diabetic outpatients
FBS, and HbA1c, showed a significant reduction (p<0.05), whereas HDL-C increased significantly (p<0.05) following psyllium treatment. LDL/HDL ratio was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Our results show that 5.1g b.i.d. of psyllium for persons with type II diabetes is safe, well tolerated, and improves glycemic control. [Abstract]
Frati Munari AC, Benítez Pinto W, Raúl Ariza Andraca C, Casarrubias M. Arch Med Res. 1998 Summer;29(2):137-41. Lowering glycemic index of food by acarbose and Plantago psyllium mucilage
Adding acarbose or P. psyllium to meals may reduce glycemic index of carbohydrate foods and may help diabetic control. [Abstract]
Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Turner J, Oeltgen PR, Daggy BP. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Oct;70(4):466-73. Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia
The addition of psyllium to a traditional diet for persons with diabetes is safe, is well tolerated, and improves glycemic and lipid control in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. [Article]
Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):472-9 Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials
Psyllium supplementation significantly lowered serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in subjects consuming a low-fat diet. Psyllium is well tolerated and safe when used adjunctive to a low-fat diet in individuals with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia. [Article]
Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Owen R, Swilley JA, Spadafora P, Jenkins DJ, Vidgen E, Brighenti F, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Xu Z,Novokmet R. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jan;23(1):9-14. Beneficial effects of viscous dietary fiber from Konjac-mannan in subjects with the insulin resistance syndrome: results of a controlled metabolic trial
A diet rich in high-viscosity KJM improves glycemic control and lipid profile, suggesting a therapeutic potential in the treatment of the insulin resistance syndrome. [Article]
Vuksan V, Jenkins DJ, Spadafora P, Sievenpiper JL, Owen R, Vidgen E, Brighenti F, Josse R, Leiter LA, Bruce-Thompson C. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jun;22(6):913-9. Konjac-mannan (glucomannan) improves glycemia and other associated risk factors for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled metabolic trial
KJM fiber added to conventional treatment may ameliorate glycemic control, blood lipid profile, and sBP in high-risk diabetic individuals, possibly improving the effectiveness of conventional treatment in type 2 diabetes. [Article]
Trepel F. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Aug 31;116(15-16):511-22. Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses
Purified dietary fibres such as cellulose, guar, psyllium, and beta-glucan have an anti-diabetic, all viscous fibres an anti-lipaemic effect. The therapeutic dosages of dietary fibre preparations are 20-40 g/day and of purified fibres substances 10-20 g/day respectively.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Preventie diabetes

Type 1

Dobersen MJ, Chase HP.Pediatrician. 1983-1985;12(4):173-8. Immunologic aspects of type I diabetes
Accumulating evidence supports the theory of an immunologic component in type I diabetes. The serum islet cell antibodies, the increased number of Ia-positive T cells in the peripheral blood of some new-onset patients, the presence of inflammatory cells in the islets and the apparent response of patients with new-onset diabetes to immunosuppressant medications all lead to this conclusion. [Abstract]
Faustman DL, Davis M. J Mol Med. 2009 Dec;87(12):1173-8. Epub 2009 Aug 21. The primacy of CD8 T lymphocytes in type 1 diabetes and implications for therapies
Type I diabetes (TID) is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreatic islets are destroyed by T lymphocytes. [Abstract]
Wikipedia Immunoglobuline
Immunoglobulines (afgekort Ig), ook antistoffen of antilichamen genoemd, zijn eiwitten die door de mens en andere gewervelde dieren worden geproduceerd als antwoord op het binnendringen in het lichaam van een lichaamsvreemde stof of lichaamsvreemde cellen. De binnendringende deeltjes, die door het lichaam als gevaarlijk worden beschouwd, heten antigenen.[Article]
Kohno T, Kobashiri Y, Sugie Y, Takai S, Watabe K, Kaino Y, Kida K. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Jan;55(1):1-9. Antibodies to food antigens in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Thus, we demonstrated that both IgA and IgG antibodies to several food antigens are elevated in patients. We suggest that impairment of oral tolerance might be related to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Saukkonen T, Virtanen SM, Karppinen M, Reijonen H, Ilonen J, Räsänen L, Akerblom HK, Savilahti E. Diabetologia. 1998 Jan;41(1):72-8. Significance of cow's milk protein antibodies as risk factor for childhood IDDM: interactions with dietary cow's milk intake and HLA-DQB1 genotype. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group
In conclusion, children with IDDM have higher levels of cow's milk protein antibodies than their HLA-DQB1-matched sibling controls, and these high levels of antibodies are independent risk markers for IDDM.[Abstract]
Dahl-Jørgensen K, Joner G, Hanssen KF Diabetes Care. 1991 Nov;14(11):1081-3. Relationship between cows' milk consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood
The results support the hypothesis that cows' milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of IDDM..[Abstract]
Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Thorsson AV, Thorsdottir I. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(3):177-83. Epub 2006 Jan 10. Lower consumption of cow milk protein A1 beta-casein at 2 years of age, rather than consumption among 11- to 14-year-old adolescents, may explain the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland than in Scandinavia
This study supports that lower consumption of A1 beta-casein might be related to the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland than in Scandinavia. Additionally it indicates that consumption in young childhood might be of more importance for the development of the disease incidence than consumption in adolescence.[Abstract]
Knip M. Nord Med. 1992;107(8-9):207-10. Can type-1 diabetes in children be prevented?
Both experimental and epidemiologic data indicate that nutritional cow milk exposure early in life may play a critical role in the initiation of beta-cell destruction. Accordingly a primary prevention study has been planned to test the hypothesis that dietary elimination of cow milk proteins over the first 9 months of life will decrease the subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in high risk infants. .[Abstract]
Wasmuth HE, Kolb H. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000 Nov;59(4):573-9. Cow's milk and immune-mediated diabetes
Cow's milk-based infant formulas and cow's milk consumption in childhood have been suggested to promote the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and other immune-mediated or neurological diseases. Epidemiological studies in man have led to the hypothesis that introduction of cow's milk-based infant formula within the first 3 months of life is associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. [Article]
Luopajärvi K, Savilahti E, Virtanen SM, Ilonen J, Knip M, Akerblom HK, Vaarala O. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 Oct;9(5):434-41. Epub 2008 May 21. Enhanced levels of cow's milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhood
Early exposure to cow's milk (CM) proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes : We studied a subgroup of 94 children randomized to be weaned to a CM-based infant formula in the trial to reduce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the genetically at risk (TRIGR) pilot study. : An enhanced humoral immune response to various CM proteins in infancy is seen in a subgroup of those children who later progress to T1D. Accordingly, a dysregulated immune response to oral antigens is an early event in the pathogenesis of T1D.[Abstract]
Turck D. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:31-9; discussion 39-42. Later effects of breastfeeding practice: the evidence
The protective role of breastfeeding against type 1 diabetes seems likely, but the mechanisms involved are still under discussion.[Abstract]
Sadauskaite-Kuehne V, Ludvigsson J, Padaiga Z, Jasinskiene E, Samuelsson U. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004 Mar-Apr;20(2):150-7. Longer breastfeeding is an independent protective factor against development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood
Longer exclusive and total breastfeeding appears as an independent protective factor against type 1 diabetes. [Abstract]
Virtanen SM, Knip M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Dec;78(6):1053-67. Nutritional risk predictors of beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes at a young age
Breastfeeding, nicotinamide, zinc, and vitamins C, D, and E have been reported as possibly protecting against type 1 diabetes, whereas N-nitroso compounds, cow milk, increased linear growth, and obesity may increase the risk.[Article]
Fava D, Leslie RD, Pozzilli P. Diabetes Care. 1994 Dec;17(12):1488-90. Relationship between dairy product consumption and incidence of IDDM in childhood in Italy
The results indicate that there is a relationship, even in a single country, between dairy product consumption and the incidence of IDDM that is confined to fluid milk consumption. Cows' milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of diabetes, but the high incidence of IDDM in Sardinia and in other countries worldwide cannot be explained simply by the quantity of fluid cows' milk consumed.[Abstract]
Gerstein HC. Diabetes Care. 1994 Jan;17(1):13-9. Cow's milk exposure and type I diabetes mellitus. A critical overview of the clinical literature
Early cow's milk exposure may be an important determinant of subsequent type I diabetes and may increase the risk approximately 1.5 times.[Abstract]
Wikipedia Lymfocyt
De meeste grote lymfocyten (niet alle) staan bekend als de Natural killer cellen. De kleine lymfocyten zijn de T-lymfocyten en de B-lymfocyten. Lymfocyten spelen een belangrijke rol in het verworven immuunsysteem, en het falen van dit systeem kan ernstige consequenties tot gevolg hebben.[Article]
Dündaröz R, Ulucan H, Aydin HI, Güngör T, Baltaci V, Denli M, Saniso?lu Y. Biol Neonate. 2003;84(2):135-41. Analysis of DNA damage using the comet assay in infants fed cow's milk
To our knowledge, this is the first study using the comet assay on infants not breast-fed. Supporting our previous SCE study, these results suggest that there is some level of DNA damage in the lymphocytes of infants not breast-fed and this may lead to malignancy in childhood or later in life. [Abstract]
Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyürüs E, Green A, Soltész G; EURODIAB Study Group. Lancet. 2009 Jun 13;373(9680):2027-33. ncidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study
If present trends continue, doubling of new cases of type 1 diabetes in European children younger than 5 years is predicted between 2005 and 2020, and prevalent cases younger than 15 years will rise by 70%. Adequate health-care resources to meet these children's needs should be made available. FUNDING: European Community Concerted Action Program.[Abstract]
Abdelghaffar S, Attia AM. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006691. Metformin added to insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescents
In adolescents with type 1 diabetes, insulin resistance likely plays a role in the deterioration of metabolic control. In type 1 diabetes, addition of metformin to insulin therapy, to improve insulin sensitivity, has been assessed in a few trials involving few patients or in uncontrolled studies of short duration. here is some evidence suggesting improvement of metabolic control in poorly controlled adolescents with type 1 diabetes, on addition of metformin to insulin therapy.[Abstract]
Fristi rood fruit voedingswaarde per 100ml
Energie 47kcal, eiwit 2 gr, koolhydraten w.v. suikers 8,0 gr, vet w.v. verzadigd 0 gr, voedingsvezel 0 gr, natrium 0,04 gr, calcium 125mg.[Article]
Fristi rood fruit ingrediënten
magere gefermenteerde melk, melkbestanddelen (weipermeaat), water, multivruchtensap uit geconcentreerd sap 5%, suiker, fructosesiroop, ....[Abstract]
Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Apr;79(4):537-43 Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity
The consumption of HFCS increased > 1000% between 1970 and 1990, far exceeding the changes in intake of any other food or food group. Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.[Article]
Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72 Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women
Consumption of HFr meals produced a rapid and prolonged elevation of plasma triglycerides compared with the HGl day (P < 0.005). Because insulin and leptin, and possibly ghrelin, function as key signals to the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy balance, decreases of circulating insulin and leptin and increased ghrelin concentrations, as demonstrated in this study, could lead to increased caloric intake and ultimately contribute to weight gain and obesity during chronic consumption of diets high in fructose.[Article]
Lindqvist A, Baelemans A, Erlanson-Albertsson C. Regul Pept. 2008 Oct 9;150(1-3):26-32. Epub 2008 Jun 26 Effects of sucrose, glucose and fructose on peripheral and central appetite signals
In conclusion, consumption of glucose, sucrose or fructose solution results in caloric overconsumption and body weight gain through activation of hunger signals and depression of satiety signals as well as activation of reward components. The weight-promoting effect of these sugar solutions may possibly be ameliorated by the down-regulation of NPY mRNA and increased serum leptin..[Abstract]
Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Feb;19(1):16-24. Fructose consumption: potential mechanisms for its effects to increase visceral adiposity and induce dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.
we have reported that consumption of a high-fructose diet, but not a high-glucose diet, promotes the development of three of the pathological characteristics associated with metabolic syndrome: visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):911-22 Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome
Because leptin production is regulated by insulin responses to meals, fructose consumption also reduces circulating leptin concentrations. The combined effects of lowered circulating leptin and insulin in individuals who consume diets that are high in dietary fructose could therefore increase the likelihood of weight gain and its associated metabolic sequelae.[Article]
Miller A, Adeli K. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar;24(2):204-9 Dietary fructose and the metabolic syndrome
There is much evidence from both animal models and human studies supporting the notion that fructose is a highly lipogenic nutrient that, when consumed in high quantities, contributes to tissue insulin insensitivity, metabolic defects, and the development of a prediabetic state. Recently evidence has helped to decipher the mechanisms involved in these metabolic changes.[Abstract]
Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Nutr Rev. 2007 Jun;65(6 Pt 2):S13-23 Fructose and the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms
Emerging evidence suggests that increased dietary consumption of fructose in Western society may be a potentially important factor in the growing rates of obesity and the metabolic syndrome.[Abstract]
Bos MB, de Vries JH, Wolffenbuttel BH, Verhagen H, Hillege JL, Feskens EJ. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007 Oct 27;151(43):2382-8 The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Netherlands: increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 in one quarter of persons under 60
Approximately 1 million Dutch adults below 60 years of age had the metabolic syndrome in the 1990's. Based on the total prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia, one quarter of the Dutch population younger then 60 runs an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Gotoda T. Nippon Rinsho. 2010 May;68(5):827-31. Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by the clustering of multiple cardiovascular risk factors and predisposing people to type 2 diabetes and its macrovascular complications.[Abstract]
Voedingscentrum - Ik kies bewust
Het Ik Kies Bewust-logo is bedoeld om consumenten te helpen bij het maken van een bewuste keuze voor gezond eten. De nadruk bij producten met het logo ligt op het terugdringen van suiker, zout, transvet en verzadigd vet.[Article]

VITAMINE D

Gezondheidsraad 2008 - Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D
Vitamine D-tekort komt onder alle lagen van de bevolking voor.[Article]
Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally. [Abstract]
Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population. [Abstract]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1080S-6S. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. [Article]
Marques CD, Dantas AT, Fragoso TS, Duarte AL. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010 Feb;50(1):67-80. The importance of vitamin D levels in autoimmune diseases
Current studies have linked the deficiency of vitamin D with different autoimmune diseases, including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).[Abstract]
Hyppönen E. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Sep;12(9):737-43. Vitamin D and increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes-evidence for an association?
There has been an important shift in the views about the actions of vitamin D during the past decade. In addition to its well-established role in the regulation of calcium metabolism, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the risk of several extra-skeletal diseases, including type 1 diabetes among other chronic conditions. It is notable that 1,25(OH)(2)D is known to regulate the expression of over 200 different genes, including the ones related to apoptosis and immune modulation. Increased vitamin D intake is currently considered as one of the most promising candidates for the prevention of type 1 diabetes, and it has been suggested that changes in vitamin D intake during the past decades have contributed to the recent trends in the incidence of the disease. [Abstract]
Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 Jul;121(1-2):425-9. Vitamin D and diabetes
On the basis of evidence from animal and human studies, vitamin D has emerged as a potential risk modifier for type 1 and type 2 diabetes (type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes). Vitamin D is thought to have both direct (through activation of the vitamin D receptor) and indirect (via regulation of calcium homeostasis) effects on various mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of both types of diabetes, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin action and systemic inflammation.[Article]
Penckofer S, Kouba J, Wallis DE, Emanuele MA. Diabetes Educ. 2008 Nov-Dec;34(6):939-40, 942, 944 passim. Vitamin D and diabetes: let the sunshine in
Evidence indicates that persons with diabetes have lower serum concentrations of vitamin D. In addition, persons at risk for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have inadequate serum concentrations of vitamin D. Effective detection and treatment of inadequate vitamin D concentrations in persons with diabetes or those at risk for diabetes may be an easy and cost-effective therapy which could improve their long-term health outcomes as well as their quality of life.[Article]
Thnc O, Cetinkaya S, Kizilgün M, Aycan Z. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24(11-12):1037-41. Vitamin D status and insulin requirements in children and adolescent with type 1 diabetes
We found a significantly higher insulin requirement in T1DM children with decreased serum 25OHD levels and decreased insulin sensitivity. We recommend checking the level of serum 25OHD in children with diabetes and starting treatment if it is deficient/inadequate.[Abstract]
Svoren BM, Volkening LK, Wood JR, Laffel LM. J Pediatr. 2009 Jan;154(1):132-4. Significant vitamin D deficiency in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured in 128 youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Less than 25% of the patients were vitamin D sufficient. Because individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus possess multiple risk factors for skeletal fragility, ensuring vitamin D sufficiency throughout childhood and adolescence in this population seems especially warranted.[Article]
Gilaberte Y, Aguilera J, Carrascosa JM, Figueroa FL, Romaní de Gabriel J, Nagore E. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2011 Oct;102(8):572-88. Vitamin D: evidence and controversies
A healthful approach combines moderate sun exposure, adequate food sources of the vitamin, and supplements whenever required.[Abstract]
Zipitis CS, Akobeng AK. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Jun;93(6):512-7. Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood and risk of type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D supplementation in early childhood may offer protection against the development of type 1 diabetes. The evidence for this is based on observational studies. Adequately powered, randomised controlled trials with long periods of follow-up are needed to establish causality and the best formulation, dose, duration and period of supplementation.[Article]
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study
Dietary vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. Ensuring adequate vitamin D supplementation for infants could help to reverse the increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.[Abstract]
RIVM: Nationaal Kompas Volksgezondheid - Hoeveel mensen voldoen aan de Richtlijnen goede voeding?
Uit de voedselconsumptiepeiling onder kinderen blijkt dat 2- tot 6-jarigen te weinig vitamine D uit voeding alleen krijgen.[Article]
Harris SS. J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):323-5. Vitamin D in type 1 diabetes prevention
Limited data from human observational studies suggest that early supplementation with 10 microg/d (400 IU/d) or less of vitamin D may not reduce the risk for type 1 diabetes but that doses of 50 microg/d (2000 IU/d) and higher may have a strong protective effect.[Article]
Harris S. Nutr Rev. 2002 Apr;60(4):118-21. Can vitamin D supplementation in infancy prevent type 1 diabetes?
Several recent European studies suggested that supplementing infants with vitamin D during their first year might prevent type 1 diabetes. A dose of 50 microg/day was associated with decreased diabetes risk in Finland, but the effectiveness of lower doses was not examined. The recommended dietary intake of vitamin D for U.S. infants is 5 microg/day and the tolerable upper level is 25 microg/day. There is no evidence that intakes between 5 and 25 microg/day would reduce diabetes incidence, but it would seem prudent to ensure that infants reach at least the lower end of this range.[Abstract]
Hyppönen E, Läärä E, Reunanen A, Järvelin MR, Virtanen SM. Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study
Children who regularly took the recommended dose of vitamin D (2000 IU daily) had a RR of 0.22 (0.05-0.89) compared with those who regularly received less than the recommended amount. Dietary vitamin D supplementation is associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. Ensuring adequate vitamin D supplementation for infants could help to reverse the increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.[Abstract]
Voedingscentrum - Voeding van zuigelingen en peuters
Kinderen tot 4 jaar hebben suppletie van vitamine D nodig voor een adequate botontwikkeling, tenzij ze voldoende krijgen via volledige zuigelingenvoeding of opvolgmelk. Voor de overgrote meerderheid van de kinderen in Nederland is tot de leeftijd van 4 jaar een suppletie van 5 µg (200IE) per dag voldoende. Alleen als de vitamine D-vorming in de huid onvoldoende is, is suppletie van 10 µg (400IE) per dag gewenst.[Article]
Voedingscentrum - vitamine D
Vitamine D is nodig om calcium uit de voeding in het lichaam te kunnen opnemen en daarom belangrijk voor de groei en het handhaven van stevige botten en tanden. De belangrijkste vorm is cholecalciferol (vitamine D3).[Article]
Holick MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Mar;79(3):362-71. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis
The purpose of this review is to put into perspective the many health benefits of vitamin D and the role of vitamin D deficiency in increasing the risk of many common and serious diseases, including some common cancers, type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. The recommended adequate intakes for vitamin D are inadequate, and, in the absence of exposure to sunlight, a minimum of 1000 IU vitamin D/d is required to maintain a healthy concentration of 25(OH)D in the blood.[Article]
Sampson UK, Linton MF, Fazio S. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2011 Jul;26(4):342-7. Are statins diabetogenic?
The aggregate of large clinical trials supports the notion that statins modestly increase the risk of incident diabetes. Because diabetes is a risk equivalent condition for coronary and peripheral arterial diseases, these findings create a paradox whereby needed statin therapy may be withheld to avoid excess risk of diabetes while representing the strongest cardiovascular risk reduction tool in diabetics. We simply recommend regular glucose monitoring in patients taking statins.[Abstract]
Alberton M, Wu P, Druyts E, Briel M, Mills EJ. QJM. 2012 Feb;105(2):145-57. Adverse events associated with individual statin treatments for cardiovascular disease: an indirect comparison meta-analysis
Overall, statin treatments significantlyincreased the rate of diabetes when compared to controls (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02-1.16) and elevated AST (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.04-1.66) and ALT (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11-1.48) levels when compared to controls.[Abstract]
.[Abstract]

Type 2

Robert JJ., Ann Pediatr (Paris). 1990 Mar;37(3):143-9., Hyperinsulinism syndromes caused by insulin resistance
Resistance to insulin consists in a decrease in insulin's biologic action and is manifested mainly by hyperinsulinism. Abstract
Shanik MH, Xu Y, Skrha J, Dankner R, Zick Y, Roth J. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 2:S262-8. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: is hyperinsulinemia the cart or the horse?
Insulin resistance, recently recognized as a strong predictor of disease in adults, has become the leading element of the metabolic syndrome and renewed as a focus of research. The condition exists when insulin levels are higher than expected relative to the level of glucose. Thus, insulin resistance is by definition tethered to hyperinsulinemia.[Abstract]
Del Prato S. Presse Med. 1992 Sep 9;21(28):1312-7. Hyperinsulinism. Causes and mechanism
A high plasma insulin concentration in the presence of a normal or high plasma glucose level appears to be a common feature of glucose intolerance, obesity, and hypertension Abstract
33 Zimmet PZ. Diabetes Care. 1993 Dec;16 Suppl 3:56-70 Hyperinsulinemia--how innocent a bystander?
Epidemiological data support a key role for hyperinsulinemia in these disorders but it is far from conclusive except for the fact that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance may be present many years before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM, and clearly play a role in their etiology.Abstract
Vogeser M, König D, Frey I, Predel HG, Parhofer KG, Berg A. Clin Biochem. 2007 Sep;40(13-14):964-8. Epub 2007 Jun 2 Fasting serum insulin and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the monitoring of lifestyle interventions in obese persons
HOMA-IR index (homeostasis model of insulin resistance) was calculated as fasting serum glucose*fasting serum insulin/22.5, with lower values indicating a higher degree of insulin sensitivity. Individual changes in the carbohydrate metabolism achieved by a lifestyle intervention program were displayed by fasting serum insulin concentrations and the HOMA-IR but not by fasting glucose measurement alone.[Abstract]
Geloneze B, Tambascia MA. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Apr;50(2):208-15. Epub 2006 May 23 Laboratorial evaluation and diagnosis of insulin resistance
HOMA is a mathematical model that predicts IS simply by measuring insulinemia and fasting blood glucose and shows good correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, considered a gold standard in the measurement of IS.Abstract
Fonseca VA. Clin Cornerstone. 2008;9(2):51-9; discussion 60-1. Identification and treatment of prediabetes to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes
Overt type 2 diabetes is usually preceded by a condition known as prediabetes, which is characterized by impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Both IFG and IGT exhibit elevated glucose levels that are not sufficient to be classified as diabetes but that represent the development of insulin resistance. Achieving glycemic control in patients with prediabetes through lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can effectively prevent or delay the development of diabetes and its associated complications.Abstract
Sharma MD, Garber AJ. Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Oct;9(5):335-41. What is the best treatment for prediabetes?
The treatment goal of prediabetes is to prevent future development of type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Intensive lifestyle modification is the mainstay of treatment in low-risk patients. [Abstract]
Yáñez M, Albala C. Rev Med Chil. 1995 Dec;123(12):1520-4 Body fat distribution: anthropometric indicators
There are two types of fat distribution in obese subjects. The abdominal, superior, android or apple shaped and the gluteo-femoral, gynecoid, inferior or pear shaped. In the former, fat is accumulated in the abdomen and in the latter, in the gluteal region. The superior distribution is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. Among anthropometric measurements of fat distribution, the ratio between waist circumference measured at the level of the navel and hip circumference, measured at the level of greater trochanters, is the best indicator. Using the cutoff points of 0.8 for women and 1 for men, it has a good correlation with visceral fat. Abstract
Björntorp P. Ann Med. 1992 Feb;24(1):15-8. Abdominal fat distribution and disease: an overview of epidemiological data
Recent prospective, epidemiological research has demonstrated the power of an increased waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) to predict both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in men and women. Abstract
Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822. The metabolic syndrome
The "metabolic syndrome" (MetS) is a clustering of components that reflect overnutrition, sedentary lifestyles, and resultant excess adiposity. The MetS includes the clustering of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure and is associated with other comorbidities including the prothrombotic state, proinflammatory state, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and reproductive disorders. [Article]
Rodríguez A, Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G., Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(21):2169-75., Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity: are both potential therapeutic targets for tackling the metabolic syndrome?
The metabolic syndrome represents a constellation of co-morbidities that include central adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, which results from an elevated prevalence of obesity Abstract
Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, Rinfret S, Schiffrin EL, Eisenberg MJ. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Sep 28;56(14):1113-32. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis
The metabolic syndrome is associated with a 2-fold increase in cardiovascular outcomes and a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality. Studies are needed to investigate whether or not the prognostic significance of the metabolic syndrome exceeds the riskassociated with the sum of its individual components. Furthermore, studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which the metabolicsyndrome increases cardiovascular risk..[Abstract]
Lobo RA. Maturitas. 2008 May 20;60(1):10-8. Epub 2008 Apr 14. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones
MBS may occur in 40% of PM women and is largely determined by overweight status and obesity. Weight gain, particularly an increase in central fat mass increases in PM women, beginning a few years prior to menopause Abstract

Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Am J Med. 1988 Apr;84(4):739-49. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective
Although our genes have hardly changed, our culture has been transformed almost beyond recognition during the past 10,000 years, especially since the Industrial Revolution. There is increasing evidence that the resulting mismatch fosters "diseases of civilization" that together cause 75 percent of all deaths in Western nations, but that are rare among persons whose lifeways reflect those of our preagricultural ancestors.[Abstract]
O'Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8 Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.[Article]
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW. J Appl Physiol. 2004 Jan;96(1):3-10. Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases
Furthermore, convincing evidence shows that this ancient genome has remained essentially unchanged over the past 10,000 years and certainly not changed in the past 40-100 years.[Article]
Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd. Eur J Nutr. 2000 Apr;39(2):67-70 Paleolithic vs. modern diets--selected pathophysiological implications
Our genome can have changed little since the beginnings of agriculture, so, genetically, humans remain Stone Agers--adapted for a Paleolithic dietary regimen. Such diets were based chiefly on wild game, fish and uncultivated plant foods. They provided abundant protein; a fat profile much different from that of affluent Western nations; high fibre; carbohydrate from fruits and vegetables (and some honey) but not from cereals, refined sugars and dairy products; high levels of micronutrients and probably of phytochemicals as well.[Abstract]
Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, O'Keefe JH, Brand-Miller Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):341-54. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural, and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged.[Article]
Jew S, AbuMweis SS, Jones PJ. J Med Food. 2009 Oct;12(5):925-34. Evolution of the human diet: linking our ancestral diet to modern functional foods as a means of chronic disease prevention
The evolution of the human diet over the past 10,000 years from a Paleolithic diet to our current modern pattern of intake has resulted in profound changes in feeding behavior. Shifts have occurred from diets high in fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and seafood to processed foods high in sodium and hydrogenated fats and low in fiber. These dietary changes have adversely affected dietary parameters known to be related to health, resulting in an increase in obesity and chronic disease, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and cancer. [Abstract]
Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, Branell UC, Pålsson G, Hansson A, Söderström M, Lindeberg S. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009 Jul 16;8:35. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study
Over a 3-month study period, a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.[Article]
Salas-Salvadó J, Bulló M, Babio N, Martínez-González MÁ, Ibarrola-Jurado N, Basora J, Estruch R, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Ros E; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan;34(1):14-9. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial
MedDiets without calorie restriction seem to be effective in the prevention of diabetes in subjects at high cardiovascularrisk.[Abstract]
Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, Attal-Singer J, Vinker S. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010 Mar;12(3):204-A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study
An intensive 12-month dietary intervention in a community-based setting was effective in improving most modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in all the dietary groups. Only the LCM improved HDL levels and was superior to both the ADA and TM in improving glycaemic control..[Abstract]
Mattison DR. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010 Apr;22(2):208-18. Environmental exposures and development
Whereas single genes and individual chemical exposures are responsible for some instances of adverse pregnancy outcome or developmental disease, gene-environment interactions are responsible for the majority. These gene-environment interactions may occur in the father, mother, placenta or fetus, suggesting that critical attention be given to maternal and paternal exposures and gene expression as they relate to the mode of action of the putative developmental toxicant both prior to and during pregnancy.[Article]
Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19(2):87-98. Developmental origins of adult disease
Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy can exert permanent and powerful effects upon the developing fetus. This programming of fetal development is emerging as a new risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome. Epidemiological studies show that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. [Article]
Bruce KD, Hanson MA. J Nutr. 2010 Mar;140(3):648-52 The developmental origins, mechanisms, and implications of metabolic syndrome
The mechanisms by which nutritional insults during a period of developmental plasticity result in a MetS phenotype are now beginning to receive considerable scientific interest. This review focuses on recent data regarding these mechanisms, in particular the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of key metabolic genes in response to nutritional stimuli that mediate persistent changes and an adult MetS phenotype. [Article]

Voedingscentrum - eerlijk over eten – 1 maart 2011
Dagelijks aanbevolen hoeveelheden basisvoedingsmiddelen voor 19 – 50 jaar: 6 - 7 neetjes brood, 4 - 5 aardappelen, 4 - 5 opscheplepels rijst of pasta. [Article]
Voedingscentrum - SPREEKBEURT OF WERKSTUK HOE EET IK GEZOND?
Dagelijks aanbevolen voor kinderen 12 – 29 jaar: 5 – 7 sneetjes brood, 4 – 5 aardappelen, 4 – 5 opscheplepels rijst of pasta. Je darmen zijn ook erg blij als je veel groente, fruit en brood eet, omdat er veel vezels in zitten. [Article]
Silva FM, Steemburgo T, Azevedo MJ, Mello VD. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Jul;53(5):560-71 Glycemic index and glycemic load in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
The risk for development of T2DM with high GI diets ranged from 1.21 to 1.59.The reduction from 12-32 units in the GI of diets decreased 0.39-0.50% in HbA1c values. [Abstract]
Du H, van der A DL, van Bakel MM, van der Kallen CJ, Blaak EE, van Greevenbroek MM, Jansen EH, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Dekker JM, Feskens EJ. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):655-61. Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to food and nutrient intake and metabolic risk factors in a Dutch population
After adjustment for potential confounders, GI was significantly inversely associated with HDL cholesterol and positively associated with fasting insulin, the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance, the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol, and CRP.[Article]
Jennie Brand-Miller, PhD, Joanna McMillan-Price, PhD, Katherine Steinbeck, MD, PhD and Ian Caterson, MD, PhD:’Dietary Glycemic Index: Health Implications’;J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Aug;28 Suppl:446S-449S
A large body of evidence, which now comprises observational prospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic experiments in animal models, provides robust support for low GI carbohydrate diets in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[Article]
Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Mar;87(3):627-37. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk--a meta-analysis of observational studies
Low-GI and/or low-GL diets are independently associated with a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases. In diabetes and heart disease, the protection is comparable with that seen for whole grain and high fiber intakes. The findings support the hypothesis that higher postprandial glycemia is a universal mechanism for disease progression..[Article]
Hodge AM, English DR, O'Dea K, Giles GG. Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2701-6. Glycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes
Reducing dietary GI while maintaining a high carbohydrate intake may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. One way to achieve this would be to substitute white bread with low-GI breads. [Article]
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Franceschi S, Hamidi M, Marchie A, Jenkins AL, Axelsen M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):266S-73S. Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease
Furthermore, consumption of low-glycemicindex diets has been associated with higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations and, in large cohort studies, with decreased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.[Article]
Esfahani A, Wong JM, Mirrahimi A, Srichaikul K, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Aug;28 Suppl:439S-445S. The glycemic index: physiological significance
In cross-sectional studies, low GI or glycemic load diets (mean GI multiplied by total carbohydrate) have been associated with higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), with reduced CRP concentrations, and, in cohort studies, with decreased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.[Article]
Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Giacco R:’ Role of glycemic index and glycemic load in the healthy state, in prediabetes, and in diabetes’;Am J Clin Nutr.87(1):269S-274S, 2008
In nondiabetic persons, suggestive evidence is available from epidemiologic studies that a diet based on carbohydrate-rich foods with a low-GI, high-fiber content may protect against diabetes or cardiovascular disease. The best evidence of the clinical usefulness of GI is available in diabetic patients in whom low-GI foods have consistently shown beneficial effects on blood glucose control in both the short-term and the long-term. .[Article]
A. Blokstra | C.A. Baan RIVM Briefrapport 260801005/2008 Type 2 diabetes mellitus bij Europese jongeren
Tot de jaren negentig kwam type 2 diabetes vrijwel uitsluitend voor bij volwassenen, maar de laatste jaren wordt een toenemend aantal kinderen en adolescenten met type 2 diabetes gerapporteerd. In de Verenigde Staten gaat het sinds 1999 bij 8-45% van het aantal nieuwe gevallen van diabetes bij jongeren om type 2 diabetes. Het feit dat type 2 diabetes op steeds jongere leeftijd voorkomt heeft gevolgen voor de patiënten zelf, maar ook voor de volksgezondheid. Vanwege de langere duur van de ziekte, zullen ook meer complicaties optreden, of ontstaan op jongere leeftijd, met een hoge ziektelast als gevolg. [Article]
Phillips J, Phillips PJ. Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Sep;38(9):699-703. Children get type 2 diabetes too
In recent years there has been a worldwide increase in the number of diagnoses of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Little is known about factors affecting complication risk in children and adolescents with T2DM but they essentially have a 'double whammy' of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and are likely to develop macrovascular complications much earlier than adults who develop T2DM. [Article]
Rosenbloom AL, Joe JR, Young RS, Winter WE. Diabetes Care. 1999 Feb;22(2):345-54. Emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes in youth
This review considers the epidemiologic evidence of an increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth. The prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in children and youth is a daunting challenge because of the enormous behavioral influence, difficulty in reversing obesity, and typical nonadherence in this age-group. The full effect of this epidemic will be felt as these children become adults and develop the long-term complications of diabetes. [Article]
Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL. Curr Diab Rep. 2001 Aug;1(1):19-27. Type 2 diabetes in children
The emerging epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in young people reflects increasing rates of obesity and parallels the increasing frequency of T2DM in adults. [Abstract]
Jonnalagadda SS, Harnack L, Liu RH, McKeown N, Seal C, Liu S, Fahey GC. J Nutr. 2011 May;141(5):1011S-22S. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: health benefits associated withwhole grains--summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium
Current scientific evidence indicates that whole grains play an important role in lowering the risk of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, and also contribute to body weight management and gastrointestinal health.[Article]
Sartorelli DS, Cardoso MA. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Jun;50(3):415-26. Association between dietary carbohydrates and type 2 diabetes mellitus: epidemiological evidence
The available evidence suggests that eating a diet rich in whole grain cereals and vegetables and low in refined grains, sucrose and fructose contents is beneficial in the prevention of diabetes. [Abstract]
Liu S. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Aug;21(4):298-306. Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease
Recent epidemiological data indicate that diets rich in high-fiber whole grains are associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 DM. These data are consistent with results from recent metabolic experiments, suggesting favorable lipid profiles and glycemic control associated with higher intake of whole grains, but not with refined grains. It seems prudent, therefore, to distinguish whole-grain rather than refined-grain cereal products for the prevention of chronic diseases. [Abstract]
Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Jul;76(1):274S-80S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes
These dietary changes, which can be made by replacing products made with white flour and potatoes with whole-grain, minimally refined cereal products, have also been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and can be an appropriate component of recommendations for an overall healthy diet. [Abstract]
Fung TT, Hu FB, Pereira MA, Liu S, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):535-40. Whole-grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in men
In men, a diet high in whole grains is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in men that may be mediated by cereal fiber. Efforts should be made to replace refined-grain with whole-grain foods. [Article]
Liese AD, Roach AK, Sparks KC, Marquart L, D’Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ:’Whole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study’;Am J Clin Nutr.78(5):965-71, 2003
Higher intakes of whole grains were associated with increases in insulin sensitivity.[Article]
Murtaugh MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Jacob B, Steffen LM, Marquart L:’Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes’;Proc Nutr Soc.62(1):143-9, 2003
Intake of wholegrain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21-27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30-36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile.[Article]
Ebbesson SO, Tejero ME, López-Alvarenga JC, Harris WS, Ebbesson LO, Devereux RB, MacCluer JW, Wenger C,Laston S, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV, Comuzzie AG. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2010 Sep;69(4):344-51. Individual saturated fatty acids are associated with different components of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism: the GOCADAN study
These results strongly support the hypothesis that saturated fatty acids are associated with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and that saturated fatty acids are significant risk factors for type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Uusitupa M. Ann Med. 2004;36(5):332-46. Epidemiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome
Recent definitions of the metabolic syndrome from the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) have given us a clearer picture of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and the risks it poses for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Solid epidemiological and trial evidence support lifestyle changes as the main modifiable risk factors, including abdominal obesity, sedentary lifestyle and a diet rich in saturated fat and low in fiber content, in the treatment of individual components of the metabolic syndrome.[Abstract]
Deen D. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Jun 15;69(12):2875-82. Metabolic syndrome: time for action
Specific dietary changes that are appropriate for addressing different aspects of the syndrome include reducing saturated fat intake to lower insulin resistance, reducing sodium intake to lower blood pressure, and reducing high-glycemic-index carbohydrate intake to lower triglyceride levels..[Article]
Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chuang CC, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):1-4. Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications
Thus, reducing consumption of foods rich in SFA and increasing consumption of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean meats and poultry, fish, low-fat dairy products, and oils containing oleic acid or (n-3) FA is likely to reduce the incidence of metabolic disease. [Article]
Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Prog Lipid Res. 2009 Jan;48(1):44-51. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes
Taken together, the evidence suggests that replacing saturated fats and trans fatty acids with unsaturated (polyunsaturated and/or monounsaturated) fats has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and is likely to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. [Article]
Rivellese AA, Lilli S. Biomed Pharmacother. 2003 Mar;57(2):84-7. Quality of dietary fatty acids, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes
Epidemiological evidence and intervention studies clearly indicate that the quality of dietary fat influences insulin sensitivity in humans, in particular, saturated fat worsens it, while monounsaturated and omega-6 polyunsaturated fats improve it.[Abstract]
Haag M, Dippenaar NG. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Dec;11(12):RA359-67. Dietary fats, fatty acids and insulin resistance: short review of a multifaceted connection
There is growing evidence that an increased free fatty acid level, and more importantly, the relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contributing to it, plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. As man has moved over the centuries from a hunter-gatherer diet to greater intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids, insulin resistance has appeared with its related pathology. [Abstract]
Voedingscentrum - Vetwijzer
Er is gezond en minder gezond vet. Het ezelsbruggetje Verzadigd vet = Verkeerd, Onverzadigd vet = Oke is een handig hulpmiddel voor een gezonder eetpatroon.[Article]
Voedingscentrum – balansdag
Drie maaltijden volgens de uitgangspunten van de Schijf van Vijf zijn ook op je Balansdag de basis. Gebruik dagelijks de 5 regels van de Schijf van Vijf: eet gevarieerd; niet te veel en beweeg; gebruik minder verzadigd vet; eet volop groente, fruit en brood; ga veilig met voedsel om.[Article]
Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2010 Nov;12(6):384-90. Saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: modulation by replacement nutrients
However, replacement of saturated fat by carbohydrates, particularly refined carbohydrates and added sugars, increases levels of triglyceride and small LDL particles and reduces high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, effects that are of particular concern in the context of the increased prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance. Therefore, dietary recommendations should emphasize substitution of polyunsaturated fat and minimally processed grains for saturated fat [Article]
Voedingscentrum - Gezondheidsaspecten en meerwaarden van levensmiddelen
Dierlijke vetten (zoals in vlees en zuivel; reuzel), maar ook plantaardige vetten zoals kokosvet, bevatten relatief veel verzadigd vet. In veel producten zijn verzadigd vetten als ‘verborgen vet’ aanwezig, zoals in gebak en snacks.[Article]
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Medium chain triglycerides
Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) are medium-chain (6 to 12 carbons) fatty acid esters of glycerol. MCTs passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system (longer fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system) without requirement for modification like long chain fatty acids or very long chain fatty acids do. In addition MCTs do not require bile salts for digestion. Rich sources of MCTs include coconut oil and palm kernel oils and are also found in camphor tree drupes.[Article]
Amarasiri WA, Dissanayake AS. Ceylon Med J. 2006 Jun;51(2):47-51 Coconut fats
Coconut fats account for 80% of the fat intake among Sri Lankans. Yet most of the saturated fats in coconut are medium chain fatty acids whose properties and metabolism are different to those of animal origin. Medium chain fatty acids do not undergo degradation and re-esterification processes and are directly used in the body to produce energy..[Abstract]
Kaunitz H. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1986 Mar-Apr;6(3-4):115-21 Medium chain triglycerides (MCT) in aging and arteriosclerosis
The Demographic Yearbook of the United Nations (1978) reported that Sri Lanka has the lowest death rate from ischemic heart disease. Sri Lanka is the only of the countries giving reliable data where coconut oil (containing over 50% medium chain fatty acids) is the main dietary fat.Abstract]
Bourque C, St-Onge MP, Papamandjaris AA, Cohn JS, Jones PJ. Metabolism. 2003 Jun;52(6):771-7. Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and N-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women
In conclusion, despite equivocal effects on homocysteine levels, consumption of a functional oil composed of MCT, phytosterols, and n-3 fatty acids for 27 days improves the overall cardiovascular risk profile of overweight women [Abstract]
Kasai M, Nosaka N, Maki H, Suzuki Y, Takeuchi H, Aoyama T, Ohra A, Harada Y, Okazaki M, Kondo K. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2002 Dec;48(6):536-40. Comparison of diet-induced thermogenesis of foods containing medium- versus long-chain triacylglycerols
These results suggest that, in healthy humans, the intake of 5-10 g of MCT causes larger diet-induced thermogenesis than that of LCT, irrespective of the form of meal containing the MCT.[Abstract]
Takeuchi H, Sekine S, Kojima K, Aoyama T. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:320-3 The application of medium-chain fatty acids: edible oil with a suppressing effect on body fat accumulation
Long-term clinical trials have demonstrated that MLCT and MCT result in less body fat accumulation in humans. MLCT oil has been approved as FOSHU (Food for Specified Health Use) for use as cooking oil with a suppressing effect on body fat accumulation.[Abstract]
Lovejoy JC. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 1999 Nov;1(3):215-20 Dietary fatty acids and insulin resistance
On the other hand, medium and long-chain fatty acid intakes are associated with insulin sensitivity, as are high intakes of omega-3 fatty acids.[Abstract]
RIVM Dutch National Food Survey 2007 - 2010
Dutch people still consume insufficient fruit, vegetables, fish and fibre. Uit de peiling blijkt ook dat een deel van de bevolking minder vitamine A, B1, C en E, magnesium, kalium en zink binnen krijgt dan wordt aanbevolen. The median habitual fibre intake (excluding dietary supplements, but including foods enriched with fibre) ranged from 15-23 g/day. Furthermore, intake of fibre by young adults in 2003 and 2007-2010 was similar, i.e. about 2 g/MJ of energy which is far below the dietary recommendation The main sources of trans fatty acids were ‘Dairy products’ (34%), ‘Meat and meat products’ (15%), ‘Fat’ (18%), and ‘Cakes’ (16%). I The intake of n-3 fish fatty acids was low, the median ranged from 48-110 mg/day and showed a slight increase with age. [Article]
Gezondheidsraad Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006
De hoeveelheid visolie vetzuren in de voeding zal daarentegen aanzienlijk moeten toenemen om te kunnen voldoen aan de voedingsnorm voor deze vetzuren van 450 mg per dag. Deze inname kan worden gerealiseerd door tweemaal per week een portie vis te gebruiken waarvan ten minste eenmaal een portie vette vis. [Article]
Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]
RIVM 2004:’Gezonde voeding en leefstijl: ook op hoge leeftijd minder kans op sterfte’;RIVM, 2004
Ouderen die zgn. Mediterrane voeding gebruiken, leven gemiddeld langer dan generatiegenoten die een ‘gewoon’ voedingspatroon hebben. Mediterrane voeding is rijk aan groenten, fruit, granen, peulvruchten, vis en olijfolie en bevat weinig vlees en zuivelproducten.[Article]
RIVM 2005:’Final report of the HALE (Healthy Ageing: a Longitudinal study in Europe) project.’;RIVM, 2005
The HALE project has identified several determinants of health and functional status that can be targeted in public health interventions. These include consumption of a Mediterranean type of diet, moderate consumption of alcohol, non-smoking and being physically active. A Mediterranean type of diet decreases coronary mortality by about 40% and all-causes mortality by about 20%.[Article]
Kim T. B. Knoops, MSc; Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, PhD; Daan Kromhout, PhD; Anne-Elisabeth Perrin, MD, MSc; Olga Moreiras-Varela, PhD; Alessandro Menotti, MD, PhD; Wija A. van Staveren, PhD:’Mediterranean Diet, Lifestyle Factors, and 10-Year Mortality in Elderly European Men and Women’;JAMA. 292:1433-1439, 2004
Among individuals aged 70 to 90 years, adherence to a Mediterranean diet and healthful lifestyle is associated with a more than 50% lower rate of all-causes and cause-specific mortality.[Article]
Willett WC. Public Health Nutr. 2006 Feb;9(1A):105-10. The Mediterranean diet: science and practice
Together with regular physical activity and not smoking, our analyses suggest that over 80% of coronary heart disease, 70% of stroke, and 90% of type 2 diabetes can be avoided by healthy food choices that are consistent with the traditional Mediterranean diet.[Article]
Babio N, Bulló M, Salas-Salvadó J. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Sep;12(9A):1607-17.
There is much evidence suggesting that the Mediterranean diet could serve as an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern, which could help to fight diseases related to chronic inflammation, including metabolic syndrome.[Article]
Esposito K, Giugliano D. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010 Jun;8(3):197-200. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome: the end of the beginning
A Mediterranean diet that is moderately lower in carbohydrate (45%), and moderately higher in fat (35-40%), with less than 10% of saturated fat, may be beneficial for ameliorating features of the metabolic syndrome, including effects on insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, and liver function.[Abstract]
Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K:’Mediterranean diet inversely associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome: the SUN Prospective Cohort: response to Tortosa et al’;Diabetes Care31(5):e36, 2008
This is good evidence for a role of healthy dietary patterns, which currently include the Mediterranean dietary pattern, in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome.[Article]
Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, D'Armiento M, D'Andrea F, Giugliano D. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial
After 2 years, patients following the Mediterranean-style diet consumed more foods rich in monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and fiber and had a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. Total fruit, vegetable, and nuts intake (274 g/d), whole grain intake (103 g/d), and olive oil consumption (8 g/d) were also significantly higher in the intervention group (P<.001). A Mediterranean-style diet might be effective in reducing the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its associated cardiovascular risk.[Article]
Pérez-Martínez P, García-Ríos A, Delgado-Lista J, Pérez-Jiménez F, López-Miranda J. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(8):769-77. Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus
After decades of epidemiological, clinical and experimental research, it has become clear that consumption of Mediterranean dietary patterns rich in olive oil has a profound influence on health outcomes, including obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Griguol Chulich VI, León-Camacho M, Vicario Romero IM:’Margarine’s trans-fatty acid composition: modifications during the last decades and new trends’;Arch Latinoam Nutr.55(4):367-73, 2005
Trans fatty acids isomers are formed during the hydrogenation process used in the food industry to harden oils. In the last decades there has been a great controversy about the consumption of margarine due to the levels of trans fatty acids they contain.[Abstract]
Becel product informatie
Voedingswaarde per 100 gram: - verzadigd 12 g - trans < 1 g[Article]
Liga Bisquits:’Evergreen Appel, Het voedzame en verantwoorde tussendoortje’
Transvet: LIGA EverGreen bevat niet meer dan 1 g transvet per 100 g.[Article]
Mozaffarian D:’ Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function’;Atheroscler Suppl.7(2):29-32, 2006
Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) predicts higher risk of coronary heart disease, sudden death, and possibly diabetes mellitus. These associations are greater than would be predicted by effects of TFA on serum lipoproteins alone.[Abstract]
Mozaffarian D, Willett WC:’Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular risk: a unique cardiometabolic imprint?’;Curr Atheroscler Rep.9(6):486-93, 2007
Prospective observational studies demonstrate strong positive associations between TFA consumption and risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, and sudden death.[Abstract]
Salmerón J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC:’Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women’;Am J Clin Nutr.73(6):1019-26, 2001
These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. [Article]
Micha R, Mozaffarian D:’Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes’;Nat Rev Endocrinol.5(6):335-44, 2009
The major dietary sources of trans fatty acids (TFAs) in most countries are partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA consumption is a modifiable dietary risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease. TFA consumption causes metabolic dysfunction: it adversely affects circulating lipid levels, triggers systemic inflammation, induces endothelial dysfunction, and, according to some studies, increases visceral adiposity, body weight, and insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE, Commerford SR:’ Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids’;Obesity (Silver Spring).17(6):1200-7, 2009
These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats.[Abstract]
Bray GA, Lovejoy JC, Smith SR, DeLany JP, Lefevre M, Hwang D, Ryan DH:’The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflamation’;York DA. J Nutr.132(9):2488-91, 2002
Clinical studies show that trans fatty acids can increase insulin resistance and that exercise can enhance the rate of adaptation to a high fat diet by increasing the rate of fat oxidation.[Artice]
Dorfman SE, Laurent D, Gounarides JS, Li X, Mullarkey TL, Rocheford EC, Sari-Sarraf F, Hirsch EA, Hughes TE,Commerford SR. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Jun;17(6):1200-7. Metabolic implications of dietary trans-fatty acids
Dietary trans-fatty acids are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and have been implicated in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These findings imply that trans-fatty acids may alter nutrient handling in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle and that the mechanism by which trans-fatty acids induce insulin resistance differs from diets enriched with saturated fats. [Article]
Kochan Z, Karbowska J, Babicz-Zieli?ska E. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2010 Dec 27;64:650-8. Dietary trans-fatty acids and metabolic syndrome
Prospective cohort studies have shown that dietary trans-fatty acids promote abdominal obesity and weight gain. In addition, it appears that TFA consumption may be associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The documented adverse health effects of TFAs emphasise the importance of efforts to reduce the content of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in foods.[Abstract]
Chajès V, Thiébaut AC, Rotival M, Gauthier E, Maillard V, Boutron-Ruault MC, Joulin V, Lenoir GM, Clavel-Chapelon F:’Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study’;Am J Epidemiol.1;167(11):1312-20, 2008
A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.[Abstract]
Albuquerque KT, Sardinha FL, Telles MM, Watanabe RL, Nascimento CM, Tavares do Carmo MG, Ribeiro EB. Nutrition. 2006 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):820-9. Intake of trans fatty acid-rich hydrogenated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the hypophagic effect of central insulin in the adult offspring
The data suggest that the early (intrauterine/perinatal) exposure to hydrogenated fat rich in trans fatty acids programmed the hypothalamic feeding control mechanisms. As young adults, only trans-control animals showed loss of insulin-induced hypophagia, indicating that the mismatch between early and later nutritional environments was relevant. However, the trans group also showed signs of altered appetite signaling mechanisms, suggesting that the early adaptations may have deleterious consequences later in life.[Abstract]
Osso FS, Moreira AS, Teixeira MT, Pereira RO, Tavares do Carmo MG, Moura AS Nutrition. 2008 Jul-Aug;24(7-8):727-32. Trans fatty acids in maternal milk lead to cardiac insulin resistance in adult offspring
Our data suggest that the consumption of hydrogenated fat, rich in TFAs, by the mothers during the lactation period caused cardiac insulin resistance in the adult progeny, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that early adaptations may cause deleterious consequences later in life.[Abstract]
Morrison JA, Glueck CJ, Wang P. Fertil Steril. 2008 Aug;90(2):385-90. Dietary trans fatty acid intake is associated with increased fetal loss
Since PPAR-gamma plays a pivotal role in placental biology and is down-regulated by TFAs, TFAs may be a reversible risk factor for fetal loss.[Abstract]
Gezondheid Raad Enkele belangrijke ontwikkelingen in de voedselconsumptie
Ook de samenstelling van de vetzuren in de voeding vertoonde een gunstige ontwikkeling: het percentage verzadigde vetzuren en transvetzuren nam af tot respectievelijk ongeveer 14% en 1,7%. Toch is de inname nog steeds hoger dan de 10% en 0,8% die vanuit gezondheidskundig oogpunt aanvaardbaar wordt geacht. De veranderingen in consumptie hebben van 1987 tot 1997 geleid tot een verminderde inname van vitamines (vooral A, E, D en foliumzuur) en mineralen (zoals ijzer). [Article]
RIVM Dutch National Food Survey 2007 - 2010
The median habitual TFA intake ranged from 1.1-1.5 g/day for men and increased with age until young adulthood (19 to 30 years) (Table 5.9). For women this median was 1.2 g/day from early childhood to 50 years of age and 1.3 g/day for the age group 51 to 69 years. The upper bound for the percentage of energy from trans fatty acids is set at 1 En%. The majority of the Dutch population (7 to 69 years) was found not to exceed this level. There was a slight increase in the prevalence of trans fatty acid intake above 1 En% with age; up to the age of 50 the prevalence was 1-2%, among 51 to 69 year-old adults this was 3% among men and 5% among women.[Article]
Astrup A. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):43-6. The trans fatty acid story in Denmark
The Danish story started with the publication of Willett's Lancet paper in 1993, and ended when industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) were reduced at the Danish market following a ban in 2003. The Danish Nutrition Council, established in 1992, was the driving force behind a campaign that convinced Danish politicians that IP-TFA could be removed from foods without any effect on taste, price or availability of foods. The Nutrition Council argued that as no positive health effect of IP-TFA had ever been reported, then just the suspicion that a high intake exerts harmful effects on health could justify a ban. The Danish success story might be interesting for other countries where this unnecessary health hazard could be eliminated from their foods.[Abstract]
Leth T, Jensen HG, Mikkelsen AA, Bysted A. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):53-6. The effect of the regulation on trans fatty acid content in Danish food
The investigations show that the TFA content has been reduced or removed from the products with high TFA content originally, like French fries, microwave oven popcorn and various bakery products, so IP-TFA are now without any significance for the intake of TFA in Denmark.[Abstract]
Tan AS. J Public Health Policy. 2009 Apr;30(1):3-16. A case study of the New York City trans-fat story for international application
This article describes New York City's 2007 trans-fatty acids regulation, which was aimed at lowering the prevalence of heart disease among the city's residents by prohibiting the use of trans-fatty acids in the preparation of food in the city's food outlets.[Abstract]
Mello MM. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 7;360(19):2015-20. New York City's war on fat
To reduce the rate of heart disease, the board of health has banned the use of artificial trans fat in foodservice establishments in the city. Finally, the board has required that chain restaurants post calorie information on menu boards; the February court ruling affirmed its right to do so.[Article]
Katan MB. Atheroscler Suppl. 2006 May;7(2):63-6 Regulation of trans fats: the gap, the Polder, and McDonald's French fries
Even the lowest estimate represents enough cases to justify measures to reduce TFA intake. In The Netherlands, a major reduction in TFA content of retail foods has been achieved in the 1990s through efforts of industry; government intervention has been minimal. Societal pressure is now helping to reduce the TFA content of fast foods. McDonald's French fries in The Netherlands now have less than 4% trans and 24% saturates.[Abstract]
Willett WC, Leibel RL. Am J Med. 2002 Dec 30;113 Suppl 9B:47S-59S. Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat
Moreover, within the United States, a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat during the last 2 decades has corresponded with a massive increase in the prevalence of obesity. Diets high in fat do not appear to be the primary cause of the high prevalence of excess body fat in our society, and reductions in fat will not be a solution. [Abstract]
Willett WC. Obes Rev. 2002 May;3(2):59-68. Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no
Moreover, within the United States (US), a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat during the last two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity, and similar trends are occurring in other affluent countries. Diets high in fat do not account for the high prevalence of excess body fat in Western countries; reductions in the percentage of energy from fat will have no important benefits and could further exacerbate this problem. The emphasis on total fat reduction has been a serious distraction in efforts to control obesity and improve health in general.[Abstract]
Janice Tanne BMJ. 2006 October 14; 333(7572): 772 New York plans to restrict trans fats in restaurants
A single fast food meal may contain more than 10 g of trans fats, whereas the recommended level is less than 0.5 g per serving. A 150 g serving of chips may contain 8 g of trans fat. The board of health, the health department’s legislative arm, recommended an amendment to the city’s health code. Restaurants would have to reduce trans fat content to 0.5 g per serving. After a public hearing the board will issue rules in December. Then restaurants would have six months to reduce their use of cooking oils, shortening, and margarine with trans fats and 18 months to reduce trans fats in other products. [Article]
Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G, Roqué I Figuls M, Richter B, Mauricio D. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD003054. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus
Interventions aimed at increasing exercise combined with diet are able to decrease the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in high risk groups (people with impaired glucose tolerance or the metabolic syndrome). There is a need for studies exploring exercise only interventions and studies exploring the effect of exercise and diet on quality of life, morbidity and mortality, with special focus on cardiovascular outcomes.[Abstract]
Sanz C, Gautier JF, Hanaire H. Diabetes Metab. 2010 Nov;36(5):346-51. Physical exercise for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes
Also, lifestyle interventions, including diet and physical exercise, can result in a reduction of around 50% in diabetes incidence that persists even after the individual lifestyle counselling has stopped. In addition, short-term randomized studies have confirmed that physical training based on endurance and/or resistance exercises can also improve blood glucose control in type 2 diabetics with a mean glycated haemoglobin decrease of 0.6%. Thus, physical exercise should be part of any therapeutic strategy to slow the development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals and to improve glucose control in type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Tuomilehto J. Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32 Suppl 2:S189-93. Nonpharmacologic therapy and exercise in the prevention of type 2 diabetes
The results from the randomized controlled trials all show that people with impaired glucose tolerance who received enhanced lifestyle advice had significantly lower (on average approximately 50% reduced) incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with those allocated to receive "usual care." [Article]
Ivy JL. Sports Med. 1997 Nov;24(5):321-36. Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Recent epidemiological studies indicate that individuals who maintain a physically active lifestyle are much less likely to develop impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Moreover, it was found that the protective effect of physical activity was strongest for individuals at highest risk of developing NIDDM. [Abstract]
LeBrasseur NK, Walsh K, Arany Z. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jan;300(1):E3-10. Metabolic benefits of resistance training and fast glycolytic skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle exhibits remarkable plasticity with respect to its metabolic properties. Recent work has shown that interventions such as resistance training, genetic alterations and pharmacological strategies that increase muscle mass and glycolytic capacity, and not necessarily oxidative competence, can improve body composition and systemic metabolism. We review here recent advances in our understanding of the signaling and transcriptional regulatory pathways of this strategy and review new evidence obtained from mice and humans that supports the notion that increasing muscle mass and glycolytic capacity may effectively counter insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Article]
Guinhouya BC. Med Sci (Paris). 2009 Oct;25(10):827-33. Physical activity in preventing metabolic syndrome in children
Metabolic syndrome defined as the joint manifestation on the same subject of several risk factors (at least 3 in the majority of definitions) within the following parameters : hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity, low concentration of HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), and high fasting blood glucose is increasingly reported in children, mainly in the presence of overweight/obesity. In fact, up to 50 % of overweight/obese children can be affected by this syndrome This review indicates that physical activity programs based either on aerobicexercise, resistance training, or a combination of these 2 types of activity may promote insulin sensibility and weaken or suppress the metabolic syndrome of children. More interestingly, usual physical activity including free-living activities of an intensity equivalent to a brisk walking should be encouraged earlier among children for its positive influence on parameters involved in the metabolic syndrome. [Abstract]
Guinhouya BC, Hubert H. Environ Health Prev Med. 2011 May;16(3):144-7. Insight into physical activity in combating the infantile metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasingly reported in children, mainly in the presence of overweight/obesity. From the most recent report, up to 60% of overweight and obese children can be affected by this syndrome. MetS acquired during childhood has been shown to track into adulthood, including its clinical complications, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The current literature suggests that exercise programs based either on aerobic-or resistance-type exercises, or a combination of these 2 types of structured activity, may promote insulin sensitivity and weaken or suppress MetS in children. Furthermore, daily-living activities such as brisk walking were found to substantially reduce the risk of MetS among children. Regardless of their weight status, PA needs to be promoted among children as early as possible. [Abstract]
Gezondheidsraad - Richtlijnen goede voeding 2006
Welke voedingsmiddelen bevorderen een goede gezondheid en welke brengen bepaalde gezondheidsrisico’s met zich mee? GR-?publicaties binnen dit aandachtsgebied richten zich op: gezondheidsrisico’s van een teveel of een tekort aan macronutriënten (koolhydraten, eiwitten en vetten) en micronutriënten (vitamines, mineralen, sporenelementen); de relatie tussen voeding en ziekten (obesitas, diabetis, eetstoornissen); de relatie tussen productiemethoden van voedsel en de gezondheidsrisico’s en -?voordelen voor de consument. [Article]
Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Stefanov T. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2011 Sep 13. Lifestyle and Genetics in Obesity and type 2 Diabetes
Numerous epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials, on the other hand, have demonstrated that lifestyle modification is effective in obesity and type 2 diabetes prevention. Furthermore, gene-lifestyle interaction studies suggest that genetic susceptibility to obesity and type 2 diabetes may be partially or totally kept under control by healthy lifestyle or lifestyle modification and that lifestyle determines whether an individual is likely to develop the disease.[Abstract]
Schulze MB, Hu FB. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:445-67. Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented?
Although it is widely believed that type 2 diabetes mellitus is the result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, compelling evidence from epidemiologic studies indicates that the current worldwide diabetes epidemic is largely due to changes in diet and lifestyle. [Abstract]
Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Jul;53(5):509-18. Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
Although long-term data from trials focusing on specifically dietary fiber are lacking, meeting current recommendations for a minimum fiber intake of 25 g/d based on a diet rich in whole grains, fruits and legumes will probably decrease the risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM.[Abstract]
Ostman EM, Frid AH, Groop LC, Björck IM. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;60(3):334-41. A dietary exchange of common bread for tailored bread of low glycaemic index and rich in dietary fibre improved insulin economy in young women with impaired glucose tolerance
Randomized crossover study where test subjects were given either low GI/high DF or high GI/low DF bread products during two consecutive 3-week periods, separated by a 3-week washout period. It is concluded that a combination of low GI and a high content of cereal DF has a beneficial effect on insulin economy in women at risk of developing type II diabetes. This is in accordance with epidemiological data, suggesting that a low dietary GI and/or increased intake of whole grain prevent against development of type II diabetes. [Article]
Kendall CW, Esfahani A, Truan J, Srichaikul K, Jenkins DJ. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(1):110-6. Health benefits of nuts in prevention and management of diabetes
Nuts are low in available carbohydrate, have a healthy fatty acid profile, and are high in vegetable protein, fiber and magnesium. Acute feeding studies indicate that when eaten alone nuts have minimal effects on raising postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, when nuts are consumed with carbohydrate rich foods, they blunt the postprandial glycemic response of the carbohydrate meal. [Abstract]
J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Mar;105(3):428-40. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a reviewNettleton JA, Katz R.
Historically, epidemiologic studies have reported a lower prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in populations consuming large amounts of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) found mainly in fish. Preliminary evidence suggests increased consumption of n-3 LC-PUFAs with reduced intake of saturated fat may reduce the risk of conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in overweight persons. [Abstract]
Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):289-99. N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
In patients with type 2 diabetes, fish oil dietary supplementation fails to reverse insulin resistance for unclear reasons, but systematically decreases plasma triglycerides. Conversely, in healthy humans, fish oil has many physiological effects. Indeed, fish oil reduces insulin response to oral glucose without altering the glycaemic response, abolishes extraggression at times of mental stress, decreases the activation of sympathetic activity during mental stress and also decreases plasma triglycerides. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field..[Abstract]
Psaltopoulou T, Ilias I, Alevizaki M. Rev Diabet Stud. 2010 Spring;7(1):26-35. Epub 2010 May 10. The role of diet and lifestyle in primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention: a review of meta-analyses
Prevention of diabetes is crucial to lowering disease incidence, and thus minimizing the individual, familial, and public health burden. The purpose of this review is to gather current information from meta-analyses on dietary and lifestyle practices concerning reduction of risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Low glycemic index dietary patterns reduce both fasting blood glucose and glycated proteins independent of carbohydrate consumption. Diets rich in whole-grain, cereal high fiber products, and non-oil-seed pulses are beneficial. Whereas, frequent meat consumption has been shown to increase risk. Regarding non-alcoholic beverages, 4 cups/day of filtered coffee or tea are associated with a reduced diabetes risk. In contrast, the consumption of alcoholic beverages should not exceed 1-3 drinks/day. Intake of vitamin E, carotenoids, and magnesium can be increased to counteract diabetes risk. Obesity is the most important factor accounting for more than half of new diabetes' cases; even modest weight loss has a favorable effect in preventing the appearance of diabetes. Also, physical exercise with or without diet contributes to a healthier lifestyle, and is important for lowering risk. Finally, there is a positive association between smoking and risk to develop type 2 diabetes. As far as secondary and tertiary prevention is concerned, for persons already diagnosed with diabetes, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of diet or lifestyle modification on glycemic control, but further studies are necessary.[Article]
Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5 Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms. [Article]
Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25 Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000
This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation. [Article]
Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):573-80 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients. [Abstract]
Teegarden D, Donkin SS. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92 Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity
Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration. [Abstract]
Gezondheidsraad:’Naar een toerijkende inname van vitamine D’;Samenvatting, 30 september 2008
Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D. Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer (tabel 1). [Article]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1080S-6S. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. [Article]
Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally. [Abstract]
Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population. [Abstract]
va-Kurktschiev T, Stefanov T. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2011 Sep 13. Lifestyle and Genetics in Obesity and type 2 Diabetes
Numerous epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials, on the other hand, have demonstrated that lifestyle modification is effective in obesity and type 2 diabetes prevention. Furthermore, gene-lifestyle interaction studies suggest that genetic susceptibility to obesity and type 2 diabetes may be partially or totally kept under control by healthy lifestyle or lifestyle modification and that lifestyle determines whether an individual is likely to develop the disease.[Abstract]
Schulze MB, Hu FB. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:445-67. Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented?
Although it is widely believed that type 2 diabetes mellitus is the result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, compelling evidence from epidemiologic studies indicates that the current worldwide diabetes epidemic is largely due to changes in diet and lifestyle. [Abstract]
Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Jul;53(5):509-18. Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
Although long-term data from trials focusing on specifically dietary fiber are lacking, meeting current recommendations for a minimum fiber intake of 25 g/d based on a diet rich in whole grains, fruits and legumes will probably decrease the risk of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and T2DM.[Abstract]
Ostman EM, Frid AH, Groop LC, Björck IM. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;60(3):334-41. A dietary exchange of common bread for tailored bread of low glycaemic index and rich in dietary fibre improved insulin economy in young women with impaired glucose tolerance
Randomized crossover study where test subjects were given either low GI/high DF or high GI/low DF bread products during two consecutive 3-week periods, separated by a 3-week washout period. It is concluded that a combination of low GI and a high content of cereal DF has a beneficial effect on insulin economy in women at risk of developing type II diabetes. This is in accordance with epidemiological data, suggesting that a low dietary GI and/or increased intake of whole grain prevent against development of type II diabetes. [Article]
Kendall CW, Esfahani A, Truan J, Srichaikul K, Jenkins DJ. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(1):110-6. Health benefits of nuts in prevention and management of diabetes
Nuts are low in available carbohydrate, have a healthy fatty acid profile, and are high in vegetable protein, fiber and magnesium. Acute feeding studies indicate that when eaten alone nuts have minimal effects on raising postprandial blood glucose levels. In addition, when nuts are consumed with carbohydrate rich foods, they blunt the postprandial glycemic response of the carbohydrate meal. [Abstract]
J Am Diet Assoc. 2005 Mar;105(3):428-40. n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a reviewNettleton JA, Katz R.
Historically, epidemiologic studies have reported a lower prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in populations consuming large amounts of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) found mainly in fish. Preliminary evidence suggests increased consumption of n-3 LC-PUFAs with reduced intake of saturated fat may reduce the risk of conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in overweight persons. [Abstract]
Delarue J, LeFoll C, Corporeau C, Lucas D. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2004 May-Jun;44(3):289-99. N-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity?
In patients with type 2 diabetes, fish oil dietary supplementation fails to reverse insulin resistance for unclear reasons, but systematically decreases plasma triglycerides. Conversely, in healthy humans, fish oil has many physiological effects. Indeed, fish oil reduces insulin response to oral glucose without altering the glycaemic response, abolishes extraggression at times of mental stress, decreases the activation of sympathetic activity during mental stress and also decreases plasma triglycerides. These effects are encouraging in the perspective of prevention of insulin resistance but further clinical and basic studies must be designed to confirm and complete our knowledge in this field..[Abstract]
Psaltopoulou T, Ilias I, Alevizaki M. Rev Diabet Stud. 2010 Spring;7(1):26-35. Epub 2010 May 10. The role of diet and lifestyle in primary, secondary, and tertiary diabetes prevention: a review of meta-analyses
Prevention of diabetes is crucial to lowering disease incidence, and thus minimizing the individual, familial, and public health burden. The purpose of this review is to gather current information from meta-analyses on dietary and lifestyle practices concerning reduction of risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Low glycemic index dietary patterns reduce both fasting blood glucose and glycated proteins independent of carbohydrate consumption. Diets rich in whole-grain, cereal high fiber products, and non-oil-seed pulses are beneficial. Whereas, frequent meat consumption has been shown to increase risk. Regarding non-alcoholic beverages, 4 cups/day of filtered coffee or tea are associated with a reduced diabetes risk. In contrast, the consumption of alcoholic beverages should not exceed 1-3 drinks/day. Intake of vitamin E, carotenoids, and magnesium can be increased to counteract diabetes risk. Obesity is the most important factor accounting for more than half of new diabetes' cases; even modest weight loss has a favorable effect in preventing the appearance of diabetes. Also, physical exercise with or without diet contributes to a healthier lifestyle, and is important for lowering risk. Finally, there is a positive association between smoking and risk to develop type 2 diabetes. As far as secondary and tertiary prevention is concerned, for persons already diagnosed with diabetes, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of diet or lifestyle modification on glycemic control, but further studies are necessary.[Article]
Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.[Article]
RIVM Hoe vaak komt diabetes mellitus voor en hoeveel mensen sterven eraan?
Op 1 januari 2007 waren er 668.000 (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 589.000 - 757.000) mensen met diabetes (puntprevalentie). Dat was 40,1 per 1.000 mannen en 41,6 per 1.000 vrouwen. In 2007 kwamen er ongeveer 71.000 nieuwe patiënten met diabetes bij (incidentie). Dit brengt het totaal aantal mensen met gediagnosticeerde diabetes op 740.000 (95%-betrouwbaarheidsinterval: 665.000 - 824.000) in 2007 (jaarprevalentie)..[Article]
.[Abstract]
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SUPPLEMENTENADVIES
VITAMINE D

Stein SH, Tipton DA. J Tenn Dent Assoc. 2011 Spring;91(2):30-3; quiz 34-5. Vitamin D and its impact on oral health--an update
Vitamin D has been shown to regulate musculoskeletal health by mediating calcium absorption and mineral homeostasis. Evidence has demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency may place subjects at risk for not only low mineral bone density/osteoporosis and osteopenia but also infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. [Abstract]
Martini LA, Wood RJ. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86 Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome
The identification of vitamin D receptor expression in different tissues suggests a widespread role for vitamin D action beyond its classical function in bone and mineral metabolism. Recently, the importance of vitamin D status as a risk factor in the development of metabolic syndrome has been the focus of several studies. [Abstract]
Gezondheidsraad:’Naar een toerijkende inname van vitamine D’;Samenvatting, 30 september 2008
Naar een toereikende inname van vitamine D. Een onvoldoende vitamine D-status komt onder alle lagen van de Nederlandse bevolking voor. Het percentage is daarbij hoger aan het einde van de winter dan aan het einde van de zomer (tabel 1). [Article]
Holick MF, Chen TC. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Apr;87(4):1080S-6S. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. [Article]
Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Josse RG, Lips P, Morales-Torres J; IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2009 Nov;20(11):1807-20 Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D
Reports from across the world indicate that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally. [Abstract]
Calatayud M, Jódar E, Sánchez R, Guadalix S, Hawkins F. Endocrinol Nutr. 2009 Apr;56(4):164-9 Prevalence of deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels in a young healthy population
Our study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in a young healthy population with no clear relationship with sun exposure or sunscreen protection. The low intake of food rich in vitamin D and the lack of food fortification combined with scarce effective sun exposure could account for the low serum levels of vitamin D in this population. [Abstract]
Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 May;79(5):820-5 Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction
The data show a positive correlation of 25(OH)D concentration with insulin sensitivity and a negative effect of hypovitaminosis D on beta cell function. Subjects with hypovitaminosis D are at higher risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms. [Article]
Forouhi NG, Luan J, Cooper A, Boucher BJ, Wareham NJ. Diabetes. 2008 Oct;57(10):2619-25 Baseline serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d is predictive of future glycemic status and insulin resistance: the Medical Research Council Ely Prospective Study 1990-2000
This prospective study reports inverse associations between baseline serum 25(OH)D and future glycemia and insulin resistance. These associations are potentially important in understanding the etiology of abnormal glucose metabolism and warrant investigation in larger, specifically designed prospective studies and randomized controlled trials of supplementation. [Article]
Botella-Carretero JI, Alvarez-Blasco F, Villafruela JJ, Balsa JA, Vázquez C, Escobar-Morreale HF. Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;26(5):573-80 Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese patients. [Abstract]
Teegarden D, Donkin SS. Nutr Res Rev. 2009 Jun;22(1):82-92 Vitamin D: emerging new roles in insulin sensitivity
Thus, substantial evidence supports a relationship between vitamin D status and insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanisms require further exploration. [Abstract]
Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. Diabet Med. 2009 Jan;26(1):19-27. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men
The trial indicates that vitamin D(3) supplementation improves postprandial insulin sensitivity (OGIS) in apparently healthy men likely to have insulin resistance (centrally obese but non-diabetic). [Article]
von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Br J Nutr. 2010 Feb;103(4):549-55. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient - a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Significant improvements were seen in insulin sensitivity and IR (P = 0·003 and 0·02, respectively), and fasting insulin decreased (P = 0·02) with supplementation compared with placebo. Optimal vitamin D concentrations for reducing IR were shown to be 80-119 nmol/l, providing further evidence for an increase in the recommended adequate levels. [Article]
Volpe SL. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008 Mar;48(3):293-300. Magnesium, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Magnesium is an essential mineral and has been established as a cofactor for over 300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some research has indicated that lower intakes of magnesium and lower serum magnesium concentrations may lead to and are associated with the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus.[Abstract]
Belin RJ, He K. Magnes Res. 2007 Jun;20(2):107-29. Magnesium physiology and pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of the metabolic syndrome
Recently, there has been burgeoning experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data that provides strong evidence that dietary magnesium intake and supplementation are inversely associated with the risk for MetS and its components.[Abstract]
Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2116-22. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
This meta-analysis provides further evidence supporting that magnesium intake is significantly inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in a dose-response manner.[Article]
Chaudhary DP, Sharma R, Bansal DD. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 May;134(2):119-29. Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes: a review
Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Huerta MG, Roemmich JN, Kington ML, Bovbjerg VE, Weltman AL, Holmes VF, Patrie JT, Rogol AD, Nadler JL. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1175-81. Magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in obese children
The association between magnesium deficiency and IR is present during childhood. Serum magnesium deficiency in obese children may be secondary to decreased dietary magnesium intake. Magnesium supplementation or increased intake of magnesium-rich foods may be an important tool in the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese children.[Article]
Celik N, Andiran N, Yilmaz AE. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2011;24(9-10):675-8. The relationship between serum magnesium levels with childhood obesity and insulin resistance: a review of the literature
Low serum magnesium levels may contribute to the development of insulin resistance in obese children.[Abstract]
Rayssiguier Y, Gueux E, Nowacki W, Rock E, Mazur A. Magnes Res. 2006 Dec;19(4):237-43. High fructose consumption combined with low dietary magnesium intake may increase the incidence of the metabolic syndrome by inducing inflammation
There is also experimental and clinical evidence that the amount of magnesium in the western diet is insufficient to meet individual needs and that magnesium deficiency may contribute to insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of common pathologies: abdominal obesity linked to an excess of visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Since magnesium deficiency has a pro-inflammatory effect, the expected consequence would be an increased risk of developing insulin resistance when magnesium deficiency is combined with a high-fructose diet. [Article]
Davì G, Santilli F, Patrono C. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Aug;28(4):216-26. Nutraceuticals in diabetes and metabolic syndrome
Several nutraceuticals used in clinical practice have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and their complications and to favorably modulate a number of biochemical and clinical endpoints. These compounds include antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins C and E, flavonoids, vitamin D, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals such as chromium and magnesium, alpha-lipoic acid, phytoestrogens, and dietary fibers.[Abstract]
Mooren FC, Krüger K, Völker K, Golf SW, Wadepuhl M, Kraus A. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011 Mar;13(3):281-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01332.x. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects - a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial
The results provide significant evidence that oral Mg supplementation improves insulin sensitivity even in normomagnesemic, overweight, non-diabetic subjects emphasizing the need for an early optimization of Mg status to prevent insulin resistance and subsequently type 2 diabetes.[Abstract]
Guerrero-Romero F, Tamez-Perez HE, González-González G, Salinas-Martínez AM, Montes-Villarreal J, Treviño-Ortiz JH, Rodríguez-Morán M. Diabetes Metab. 2004 Jun;30(3):253-8. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial
Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in hypomagnesemic non-diabetic subjects. Clinical implications of this finding have to be established.[Abstract]
Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1147-52. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial
Oral supplementation with MgCl(2) solution restores serum magnesium levels, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients with decreased serum magnesium levels.[Abstract]
Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Gambardella A, Pizza G, Tesauro P, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jun;55(6):1161-7. Daily magnesium supplements improve glucose handling in elderly subjects
In aged patients, correction of a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration may allow an improvement of glucose handling.[Article]
Kim H, Stote KS, Behall KM, Spears K, Vinyard B, Conway JM. Eur J Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(3):170-5. Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble fiber, beta-glucan: a dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance
These data suggest that acute consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan is able to induce physiologically beneficial effects on postprandial insulin responses in obese women at risk for insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Mello VD, Laaksonen DE. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2009 Jul;53(5):509-18. Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes
Dietary fiber may contribute to both the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In epidemiological studies the intake of insoluble fiber, but not the intake of soluble fiber, has been inversely associated with the incidence of T2DM. In contrast, in postprandial studies, meals containing sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses in both healthy individuals and patients with T2DM. [Abstract]
Ostman EM, Frid AH, Groop LC, Björck IM. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;60(3):334-41. A dietary exchange of common bread for tailored bread of low glycaemic index and rich in dietary fibre improved insulin economy in young women with impaired glucose tolerance
It is concluded that a combination of low GI and a high content of cereal DF has a beneficial effect on insulin economy in women at risk of developing type II diabetes. This is in accordance with epidemiological data, suggesting that a low dietary GI and/or increased intake of whole grain prevent against development of type II diabetes. [Article]
Kaline K, Bornstein SR, Bergmann A, Hauner H, Schwarz PE. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Sep;39(9):687-93. The importance and effect of dietary fiber in diabetes prevention with particular consideration of whole grain products
The state of prediabetes is characterized by an increase in insulin resistance and a decrease in pancreatic beta cell function. At the present state of knowledge, insoluble dietary fibers as found in whole grain cereal products are considered to be especially effective in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Abstract]
Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, Ferreri S, Knudtson M, Koraym A, Waters V, Williams CL. Nutr Rev. 2009 Apr;67(4):188-205. Health benefits of dietary fiber
Dietary fiber intake provides many health benefits. However, average fiber intakes for US children and adults are less than half of the recommended levels. Individuals with high intakes of dietary fiber appear to be at significantly lower risk for developing coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and certain gastrointestinal diseases.[Article]
Rigaud D, Ryttig KR, Angel LA, Apfelbaum M. Int J Obes. 1990 Sep;14(9):763-9. Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group.[Abstract]
Keithley J, Swanson B. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;11(6):30-4 Glucomannan and obesity: a critical review
At doses of 2-4 g per day, GM was well-tolerated and resulted in significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. There is some evidence that GM exerts its beneficial effects by promoting satiety and fecal energy loss. Additionally, GM has been shown to improve lipid and lipoprotein parameters and glycemic status..[Abstract]
Walsh DE, Yaghoubian V, Behforooz A Int J Obes. 1984;8(4):289-93 Effect of glucomannan on obese patients: a clinical study
Results showed a significant mean weight loss (5.5 lbs) using glucomannan over an eight-week period. Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced (21.7 and 15.0 mg/dl respectively) in the glucomannan treated group. No adverse reactions to glucomannan were reported.[Abstract]
2004 Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven Ons eten gemeten Gezonde voeding en veilig voedsel in Nederland
Vezelrijke voeding is belangrijker in het voorkómen van overgewicht dan een vetarme voeding.[Article]
Gezondheidsraad, 2006; publicatie nr 2006/03. ISBN 90-5549-589-1 Richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie
Voedingsvezels zijn delen van planten die door de mens niet worden verteerd. Ze hebben een gunstige invloed op de gezondheid. Voor twee effecten bestaat overtuigend wetenschappelijk bewijs: voldoende inname leidt tot een betere darmwerking en beschermt tegen hartziekten. Op basis van deze kennis formuleert de Gezondheidsraad nu een nieuwe richtlijn voor de vezelconsumptie. Voor volwassenen luidt die: 3,4 gram voedingsvezel per megajoule (14 gram per 1000 kilocalorieën), wat neerkomt op 30 tot 40 gram per dag. Deze richtlijn betreft vezels die van nature voorkomen in voedingsmiddelen. Op dit moment komt negentig procent van de Nederlandse bevolking niet aan de hoeveelheid voedingsvezel die in de richtlijn is verwoord.[Article]
Voorlichtingsbureau Brood
Witbrood leveren samen 0,8 per portie, bruinbrood 1,8 gram per portie.[Article]
Pal S, Radavelli-Bagatini S. Obes Rev. 2012 Nov;13(11):1034-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01020.x. Effects of psyllium on metabolic syndrome risk factor
High-fibre intake has been shown to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS), cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Collectively, psyllium supplementation could be promoted to patients who present MS risk factors, such as hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperglycaemia. [Abstract]
Giacosa A, Rondanelli M. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;44 Suppl 1:S58-60. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181e123e7. The right fiber for the right disease: an update on the psyllium seed husk and the metabolic syndrome
Therefore, the favourable effect of various fibres and particularly of psyllium, on body weight reduction and satiety, on cholesterol and tryglycerides levels, on fasting glycaemia and on blood pressure suggests a potential role of these fibres in the treatment of MS.[Abstract]
Chutkan R, Fahey G, Wright WL, McRorie J. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2012 Aug;24(8):476-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2012.00758.x. Viscous versus nonviscous soluble fiber supplements: mechanisms and evidence for fiber-specific health benefits
Increasing the viscosity of chyme with a viscous soluble fiber has been shown clinically to lower cholesterol for cardiovascular health, improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, normalize stool form in both constipation (softens hard stool) and diarrhea (firms loose/liquid stool), and improve the objective clinical measures of metabolic syndrome (glycemic control, lipoprotein profile, body mass index/weight loss, and blood pressure).[Abstract]
Trepel F. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2004 Aug 31;116(15-16):511-22. Dietary fibre: more than a matter of dietetics. II. Preventative and therapeutic uses
Purified dietary fibres such as cellulose, guar, psyllium, and beta-glucan have an anti-diabetic.[Abstract]

Zwangerschapsdiabetes

Kaaja R, Rönnemaa T. Rev Diabet Stud. 2008 Winter;5(4):194-202. Gestational diabetes: pathogenesis and consequences to mother and offspring
Data from Western countries suggest that the prevalence of GDM is increasing, being almost 10% of pregnancies and probably reflecting the global obesity epidemic. The majority of women with GDM seem to have beta-cell dysfunction that appears on a background of chronic insulin resistance already present before pregnancy. Because the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is restricted to high risk individuals, 40% of GDM cases are left undiagnosed. After delivery, women with GDM and their offspring have an increased risk for developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Thus, pregnancy may act as a "stress test", revealing a woman's predisposition to T2D and providing opportunities for focused prevention of important chronic diseases.[Abstract]
Riskin-Mashiah S, Damti A, Younes G, Auslander R. J Perinat Med. 2011 Mar;39(2):209-11 Normal fasting plasma glucose levels during pregnancy: a hospital-based study
Compared to preconception levels, fasting glucose levels decreased by a median of 3 mg/dL in the first trimester (81-78 mg/dL). During the third trimester a slight further glucose reduction was observed (median 76 mg/dL). After delivery fasting glucose levels increased sharply (84 mg/dL in the puerperium and 81 mg/dL by three months postpartum). [Abstract]
Virally M, Laloi-Michelin M. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2010 Dec;39(8 Suppl 2):S220-38. Methods of screening of gestational diabetes between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation
The measure of the fasting blood glucose isolated between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation is not a relevant approach. [Abstract]
Legardeur H, Girard G, Mandelbrot L. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2011 Mar;39(3):174-179. Screening of gestational diabetes mellitus: A new consensus?
Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) recently issued recommendations that the diagnosis of GDM be made when any of the following thresholds are met or exceeded: fasting plasma glucose: 0,92g/L; 1 hour: 1,80g/L; or 2hours: 1,53g/L after the 75g oral glucose test. These criteria were chosen to identify pregnancy with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. By the new criteria, the total incidence of gestational diabetes in the HAPO population was 17,8%. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in early pregnancy appears as an important predictive factor. Higher first trimester FPG (lower than those diagnostic of diabetes) are associated with increased risks of later diagnosis of gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcomes. [Abstract]
Cosson E. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2010 Dec;39(8 Suppl 2):S239-50. Diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus
The International Association of Diabetes Pregnancy Study Group has proposed, considering the glycemic values associated with a 1.75-fold increased risk of macrosomia, fetal hyperinsulinism and adiposity in the HAPO study, the following criteria: fasting plasma glucose ? 0.92 g/L (5.1 mmol/L) and/or 1-hour plasma glucose value ? 1.80 g/L (10.0 mmol/L) and/or 2-hour plasma glucose value ? 1.53 g/L (8.5 mmol/L. [Abstract]
Ryan EA. Diabetologia. 2011 Mar;54(3):480-6. Diagnosing gestational diabetes
The newly proposed criteria for diagnosing gestational diabetes will result in a gestational diabetes prevalence of 17.8%, doubling the numbers of pregnant women currently diagnosed. [Article]
Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):e290-6. Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus
We showed that LGA offspring of diabetic mothers were at significant risk of developing MS in childhood. The prevalence of MS in the other groups was similar to the prevalence (4.8%) among white adolescents in the 1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This effect of LGA with maternal GDM on childhood MS was previously demonstrated for Pima Indian children but not the general population. We also found that children exposed to maternal obesity were at increased risk of developing MS, which suggests that obese mothers who do not fulfill the clinical criteria for GDM may still have metabolic factors that affect fetal growth and postnatal outcomes. Children who are LGA at birth and exposed to an intrauterine environment of either diabetes or maternal obesity are at increased risk of developing MS. Given the increased obesity prevalence, these findings have implications for perpetuating the cycle of obesity, insulin resistance, and their consequences in subsequent generations.[Article]
Sacks DA. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Dec;50(4):980-9. Etiology, detection, and management of fetal macrosomia in pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus
Babies of mothers who have diabetes are more likely than babies of nondiabetic women to be large for gestational age. A greater proportion of their birth weight consists of fat mass, much of which is distributed to the trunk and abdomen. The maternal and fetal consequences of diabetic fetopathy, theories and evidence of how it develops, and management considerations relative to excessive growth of the fetus of a diabetic woman are explored in this chapter.[Abstract]
Catalano PM. Reproduction. 2010 Sep;140(3):365-71. Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome.
There has been a significant increase over the past few decades in the number of reproductive age women who are either overweight or obese. Overweight and obese women are at increased risk for having decreased insulin sensitivity as compared with lean or average weight women. Because of the metabolic alterations during normal pregnancy, particularly the 60% decrease in insulin sensitivity, overweight and obese women are at increased risk of metabolic dysregulation in pregnancy, i.e. gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and fetal overgrowth.[Article]
Galtier F, Raingeard I, Renard E, Boulot P, Bringer J. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Feb;34(1):19-25. Optimizing the outcome of pregnancy in obese women: from pregestational to long-term management
The obesity epidemic is of some concern in women of reproductive age. Maternal obesity is associated with many pregnancy complications, especially gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.[Abstract]
McLean M, Chipps D, Cheung NW. Diabet Med. 2006 Nov;23(11):1213-5. Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation?
The first manifestation of this in female offspring is likely to be GDM in their own pregnancies. [Abstract]
Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Am J Med. 1988 Apr;84(4):739-49. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective
Although our genes have hardly changed, our culture has been transformed almost beyond recognition during the past 10,000 years, especially since the Industrial Revolution. There is increasing evidence that the resulting mismatch fosters "diseases of civilization" that together cause 75 percent of all deaths in Western nations, but that are rare among persons whose lifeways reflect those of our preagricultural ancestors.[Abstract]
O'Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8 Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.[Article]
Mattison DR. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010 Apr;22(2):208-18. Environmental exposures and development
Whereas single genes and individual chemical exposures are responsible for some instances of adverse pregnancy outcome or developmental disease, gene-environment interactions are responsible for the majority. These gene-environment interactions may occur in the father, mother, placenta or fetus, suggesting that critical attention be given to maternal and paternal exposures and gene expression as they relate to the mode of action of the putative developmental toxicant both prior to and during pregnancy.[Abstract]
Wadhwa PD, Buss C, Entringer S, Swanson JM. Semin Reprod Med. 2009 Sep;27(5):358-68 Developmental origins of health and disease: brief history of the approach and current focus on epigenetic mechanisms
These observations led to a theory that undernutrition during gestation was an important early origin of adult cardiac and metabolic disorders due to fetal programming that permanently shaped the body's structure, function, and metabolism and contributed to adult disease. This theory stimulated interest in the fetal origins of adult disorders, which expanded and coalesced approximately 5 years ago with the formation of an international society for developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). [Abstract]
Seki Y, Williams L, Vuguin PM, Charron MJ. Endocrinology. 2012 Mar;153(3):1031-8. Minireview: Epigenetic programming of diabetes and obesity: animal models
A growing body of evidence suggests that the intrauterine (IU) environment has a significant and lasting effect on the long-termhealth of the growing fetus and the development of metabolic disease in later life as put forth in the fetal origins of diseasehypothesis. Metabolic diseases have been associated with alterations in the epigenome that occur without changes in the DNA sequence.[Abstract]
Hussain N. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012 Feb 21. Epigenetic Influences That Modulate Infant Growth, Development, and Disease
Recent Advances: A number of epigenetic modifications of normal growth patterns have been recognized, leading to altered developmentand disease states in the mammalian fetus and infant. 'Fetal programming' due to these epigenetic changes has been implicated in pathogenesis of adult-onset disease such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There may also be transgenerational effects of such epigenetic modifications.[Abstract]
Nolan CJ, Damm P, Prentki M. Lancet. 2011 Jul 9;378(9786):169-81. Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management
Evidence is emerging that a substantial part of diabetes susceptibility is acquired early in life, probably owing to fetal or neonatal programming via epigenetic phenomena. Maternal and early childhood health might, therefore, be crucial to the development of effective prevention strategies.[Abstract]
Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Beedle AS, Raubenheimer D. Front Horm Res. 2008;36:61-72 Fetal and neonatal pathways to obesity
One pathway to obesity represents the maladaptive consequences of an evolutionarily preserved mechanism by which the developing mammal monitors nutritional cues from its mother and adjusts its developmental trajectory accordingly. Prediction of a nutritionally sparse environment leads to a phenotype that promotes metabolic parsimony by favouring fat deposition, insulin resistance, sarcopenia and low energy expenditure. [Abstract]
Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Med Princ Pract. 2010;19(2):87-98. Developmental origins of adult disease
Variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy can exert permanent and powerful effects upon the developing fetus. This programming of fetal development is emerging as a new risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease and the metabolic syndrome. Epidemiological studies show that indicators of nutritional deficit in pregnancy are associated with greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. [Article]
Bruce KD, Hanson MA. J Nutr. 2010 Mar;140(3):648-52 The developmental origins, mechanisms, and implications of metabolic syndrome
The mechanisms by which nutritional insults during a period of developmental plasticity result in a MetS phenotype are now beginning to receive considerable scientific interest. This review focuses on recent data regarding these mechanisms, in particular the epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of key metabolic genes in response to nutritional stimuli that mediate persistent changes and an adult MetS phenotype. [Article]
Zambrano E. Rev Invest Clin. 2009 Jan-Feb;61(1):41-52. The transgenerational mechanisms in developmental programming of metabolic diseases
Many individuals all over the world experience undernutrition, stress, hyperglycemia and other negative environmental factors during pregnancy and/or lactation. Insult during this critical period of development may induce malprogramming and adversely alter not only the F1 generation but also future generations. Preventing or treating these conditions will help to minimize the risk of transmission of metabolic diseases to future generations.[Abstract]
Damm P. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Mar;104 Suppl 1:S25-6 Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, significant long-term morbidity also exists for the mother and offspring. Women with previous GDM have a very high risk of developing overt diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, later in life. Moreover, the risk of the metabolic syndrome is increased 3-fold in these women. Their offspring have an 8-fold risk of diabetes/prediabetes at 19-27 years of age. Thus, GDM is part of a vicious circle which increases the development of diabetes in the coming generations [Abstract]
Clausen TD, Mathiesen ER, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Jensen DM, Lauenborg J, Damm P. Diabetes Care. 2008 Feb;31(2):340-6. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia
A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy [Article]
Sobngwi E, Boudou P, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Leblanc H, Velho G, Vexiau P, Porcher R, Hadjadj S, Pratley R, Tataranni PA, Calvo F, Gautier JF. Lancet. 2003 May 31;361(9372):1861-5 Effect of a diabetic environment in utero on predisposition to type 2 diabetes
Exposure to a diabetic environment in utero is associated with increased occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance and a defective insulin secretory response in adult offspring, independent of genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes [Abstract]
Wroblewska-Seniuk K, Wender-Ozegowska E, Szczapa J. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Nov;10(7):432-40. Long-term effects of diabetes during pregnancy on the offspring
Children born to mothers with gestational diabetes seem to be at risk for obesity and metabolic disturbances [Abstract]
Poston L. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2010 Dec 15 Intergenerational transmission of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Studies in women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and their children suggest that the in utero 'diabetic' environment in which the fetus develops can increase. The mechanisms by which maternal type 2DM evokes a higher risk of the disorder in the offspring are likely to result from epigenetic modification in early life of pathways of pancreatic ? cells and of liver and muscle insulin signalling pathways.[Abstract]
Fetita LS, Sobngwi E, Serradas P, Calvo F, Gautier JF. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Oct;91(10):3718-24 Consequences of fetal exposure to maternal diabetes in offspring
Thus, fetal exposure to maternal diabetes may contribute to the worldwide diabetes epidemic. Public health interventions targeting high-risk populations should focus on long-term follow-up of subjects who have been exposed in utero to a diabetic environment and on a better glycemic control during pregnancy. [Article]
Voedingscentrum - Vitamine D
Vitamine D is nodig om calcium uit de voeding in het lichaam te kunnen opnemen en daarom belangrijk voor de groei en het handhaven van stevige botten en tanden.[Article]
Voedingscentrum - Zwangerschap en vitamine D
Je hebt tijdens de zwangerschap ook extra vitamine D nodig. Slik per dag 10 microgram vitamine D, want zo houd je jouw botten en die van je kind gezond.[Abstract]
Zhang C, Qiu C, Hu FB, David RM, van Dam RM, Bralley A, Williams MA. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3753 Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
Findings from the present study suggest that maternal vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy is significantly associated with an elevated risk for GDM.[Article]
Lapillonne A. Med Hypotheses. 2010 Jan;74(1):71-5 Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may impair maternal and fetal outcomes
It appears that vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is potentially associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, insulin resistance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental data also anticipate that vitamin D sufficiency is critical for fetal development, and especially for fetal brain development and immunological functions. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may, therefore, not only impair maternal skeletal preservation and fetal skeletal formation but also be vital to the fetal "imprinting" that may affect chronic disease susceptibility soon after birth as well as later in life.[Abstract]
Maghbooli Z, Hossein-Nezhad A, Karimi F, Shafaei AR, Larijani B. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Jan-Feb;24(1):27-32. Correlation between vitamin D3 deficiency and insulin resistance in pregnancy
These results show that a positive correlation of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations with insulin sensitivity and vitamin D deficiency could be a confirmative sign of insulin resistance.[Abstract]
Med J Aust. 2011 Apr 4;194(7):334-7. Lau SL, Gunton JE, Athayde NP, Byth K, Cheung NW. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Lower 25(OH)D levels are independently associated with poorer glycaemic control. Future randomised trials are needed to determine whether vitamin D plays a role in glycaemic control in GDM. Regardless, maternal vitamin D insufficiency has adverse effects including neonatal hypocalcaemia and rickets. The 41% prevalence of inadequate 25(OH)D levels in the women in our study is unacceptably high. We propose routine 25(OH)D testing of all pregnant women at screening for GDM or earlier, and treatment of women who are found to be deficient.[Article]
Kaludjerovic J, Vieth R. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010 Nov-Dec;55(6):550-60. Relationship between vitamin D during perinatal development and health
Vitamin D deficiency is a highly prevalent condition that is present in 40% to 80% of pregnant women. There is emerging evidence that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk modifying factor for many chronic diseases, including osteomalacia, rickets, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, heart disease, type 1 diabetes, and cancer. This review summarizes the risks of vitamin D deficiency for human health and provides the current vitamin D recommendations for mothers and their newborns.[Abstract]
Dror DK, Allen LH. Nutr Rev. 2010 Aug;68(8):465-77. Vitamin D inadequacy in pregnancy: biology, outcomes, and interventions
A high prevalence of maternal vitamin D inadequacy during pregnancy and at delivery has been demonstrated in various ethnic populations living at different latitudes. Because placental transfer of 25(OH)D is the major source of vitamin D to the developing human fetus, there is growing concern about adverse health impacts that hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy may have on the mother as well as the offspring in utero, in infancy, and later in life. While there is lack of consensus regarding the optimal circulating 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy, it is evident that prior levels used to establish intake recommendations and vitamin D content of prenatal vitamin supplements were too conservative. [Abstract]
Holmes VA, Barnes MS, Alexander HD, McFaul P, Wallace JM. Br J Nutr. 2009 Sep;102(6):876-81 Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: a longitudinal study
Given the potential consequences of hypovitaminosis D on health outcomes, vitamin D supplementation, perhaps at higher doses than currently available, is needed to improve maternal vitamin D nutriture.[Abstract]
Bui T, Christin-Maitre S. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2011 Oct;72 Suppl 1:S23-8. Vitamin D and pregnancy
The currently recommended supplementation amount of vitamin D is not sufficient to maintain a value of 25 hydroxy vitamin D above 30 ng/ml, during pregnancy. [Abstract]
Roth DE. J Perinatol. 2011 Jul;31(7):449-59. doi: 10.1038/jp.2010.203. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: safety considerations in the design and interpretation of clinical trials
Maternal-child health benefits of optimizing vitamin D status during pregnancy may include a reduced risk of pre-eclampsia, improved fetal growth and beneficial effects on infant immune function. These hypotheses require evaluation by randomized controlled antenatal vitamin D supplementation trials using doses that are high enough to elevate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations into the range believed to be associated with improved health outcomes. Such doses may be considerably higher than the current recommended dietary allowance (600 IU day(-1)) or standard prenatal supplement dose (400 IU day(-1)), and may even be higher than the tolerable upper intake level (4000 IU day(-1)) advised by the Institute of Medicine (2010). .[Abstract]
Hyppönen E, Boucher BJ. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(3):309-14. Epub 2010 Jul 2. Avoidance of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy in the United Kingdom: the case for a unified approach in National policy
Past experiences with routine provision of 10 microg/d (400 IU/d) to all pregnant mothers suggest that this dose is sufficient to prevent overt neonatal complications of vitamin D deficiency. Recent data suggest that supplementation with dosages above 10 microg/d may be required for optimal health in the mother and child; however, further research is required for the assessment of the benefits and safety of supplementation with higher dosages.[Abstract]
Walicka M, Marcinowska-Suchowierska E. Ginekol Pol. 2008 Nov;79(11):780-4. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and lactation
Vitamin D deficiency is a common occurrence and concerns people all around the world, not withstanding pregnant women. Vitamin D is essential for normal mineralization of the fetal skeleton. Latest reports have confirmed that an optimal vitamin D supply is of great importance for health course of pregnancy and it influences the general state of the child's health after birth, as well as their whole life. It seems that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (the RDA) of vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation of 200-400 IU/d is too small and it needs to be changed.[Abstract]
Bischoff-Ferrari HA. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59(1):17-21. doi: 10.1159/000332069. Vitamin D: role in pregnancy and early childhood
The Institute of Medicine, in their most recent assessment in 2010, recommended 600 IU per day in pregnant and lactating women. In 2011, the US Endocrine Task Force on Vitamin Dcommented that 600 IU per day may not be sufficient to correct vitamin D deficiency in pregnant and lactating women. Their recommendation was 1,500-2,000 IU vitamin D per day in pregnant and lactating women with vitamin D deficiency. [Abstract]
Stichting Huisartsen Laboratoria - BV16 Vitamine D totaal (25 - OH Vitamine D)
Referentiewaarde: 50.0 - 150.0 nmol/l.[Article]
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 Suppl):1752S-8S. Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant
With limited sun exposure, an intake of 400 IU/d vitamin D would not sustain circulating 25(OH)D concentrations and thus would supply only limited amounts of vitamin D to nursing infants in breast milk. A maternal intake of 2000 IU/d vitamin D would elevate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations for both mothers and nursing infants, albeit with limited capacity, especially with respect to nursing infants. A maternal intake of 4000 IU/d could achieve substantial progress toward improving both maternal and neonatal nutritional vitamin D status.[Article]
Hollis BW, Johnson D, Hulsey TC, Ebeling M, Wagner CL. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct;26(10):2341-57. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.463. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and effectiveness
It is concluded that vitamin D supplementation of 4000?IU/d for pregnant women is safe and most effective in achieving sufficiency in all women and their neonates regardless of race, whereas the current estimated average requirement is comparatively ineffective at achieving adequate circulating 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in African Americans.[Abstract]
Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Hosseinzadeh-Shamsi-Anar M, Salami MA, Hadinedoushan H, Mozayan MR. Diabet Med. 2012 Jan;29(1):36-42. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03473.x. Effects of a single post-partum injection of a high dose of vitamin D on glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in mothers with first-time gestational diabetes mellitus
A single injection of 300,000 IU of vitamin D3 achieves a 3-month serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D range of 50-80 nmol/l and is an efficient, effective and safe procedure for improving the vitamin status and indices of insulin resistance in mothers with gestational diabetes after delivery.[Abstract]
Lagunova Z, Porojnicu AC, Grant WB, Bruland Ø, Moan JE. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Aug;54(8):1127-33. Obesity and increased risk of cancer: does decrease of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with increasing body mass index explain some of the association?
Low levels of vitamin D and excess body weight are both factors associated with increased risk of cancer. The increased risk seems to be proportional to the increase in BMI, and to decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level. Our earlier investigations suggest that serum 25(OH)D levels decrease with increasing BMI. [Abstract]
Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, Robins SJ, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Jacques PF, Booth SL, Vasan RS, Wolf M, Wang TJ. Diabetes. 2010 Jan;59(1):242-8. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study
Vitamin D status is strongly associated with variation in subcutaneous and especially visceral adiposity. [Article]
Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Apr;17(4):778-82. Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables
Overweight/obese women are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, largely due to excess adiposity rather than inadequate intake. [Article]
Olson ML, Maalouf NM, Oden JD, White PC, Hutchison MR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov 9. Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Children and Its Relationship to Glucose Homeostasis
Vitamin D deficiency is common in children in this southern United States location and is significantly more prevalent in obese children. Lower 25(OH)D level is associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese children. [Abstract]
Smotkin-Tangorra M, Purushothaman R, Gupta A, Nejati G, Anhalt H, Ten S. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul;20(7):817-23. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and adolescents
More than half of the obese children had vitamin D levels <20 ng/ml with equal gender distribution. Vitamin D insufficiency was associated with increased age, BMI, and SBP, and decreased HDL-C. [Abstract]
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Sep;18(9):1805-11. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Ugalde-Casas PA, Serrano-González M, Cuello-García CA, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration, life factors and obesity in Mexican children
A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and an inverse association between serum 25-OHD concentration and obesity was found. [Article]
Vieth R. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):842-56 Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety
Total-body sun exposure easily provides the equivalent of 250 microg (10000 IU) vitamin D/d, suggesting that this is a physiologic limit. The assembled data from many vitamin D supplementation studies reveal a curve for vitamin D dose versus serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] response that is surprisingly flat up to 250 microg (10000 IU) vitamin D/d. To ensure that serum 25(OH)D concentrations exceed 100 nmol/L, a total vitamin D supply of 100 microg (4000 IU)/d is required. Except in those with conditions causing hypersensitivity, there is no evidence of adverse effects with serum 25(OH)D concentrations <140 nmol/L, which require a total vitamin D supply of 250 µg (10000 IU)/d to attain [Article]
Vieth R. J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1117-22 Critique of the considerations for establishing the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D: critical need for revision upwards
Exposure of skin to sunshine can safely provide an adult with vitamin D in an amount equivalent to an oral dose of 250 mcg/d. The incremental consumption of 1 mcg/d of vitamin D3 raises serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D ] by approximately 1 nmol/L (0.4 microg/L). Published reports suggest toxicity may occur with 25(OH)D concentrations beyond 500 nmol/L (200 microg/L). [Article]
Vieth R. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Dec;22 Suppl 2:V64-8Vitamin D toxicity, policy, and science
However, because sunshine can provide an adult with vitamin D in an amount equivalent to daily oral consumption of 250 mug (10,000 IU)/d, this is intuitively a safe dose. The incremental consumption of 1 mug (40 IU)/day of vitamin D(3) raises serum 25(OH)D by approximately 1 nM (0.4 ng/ml). [Article]
Hathcock JN, Shao A, Vieth R, Heaney R. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jan;85(1):6-18. Risk assessment for vitamin D
The present a risk assessment based on relevant, well-designed human clinical trials of vitamin D. Collectively, the absence of toxicity in trials conducted in healthy adults that used vitamin D dose > or = 250 microg/d (10,000 IU vitamin D3) supports the confident selection of this value as the UL. [Article]
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Frituren

Verantwoord frituren, of toch eigenlijk niet?

Voedingscentrum Verantwoord frituren
Ga je naar de horeca? Kijk dan of het logo Verantwoord Frituren aan de gevel hangt. Dat betekent dat er vloeibaar vet wordt gebruikt. Of vraag ernaar in de zaak. [Article]
Koninklijk Horeca Nederland Over de campagne verantwoord frituren
Ondanks het feit dat vloeibaar frituurvet de beste keuze is voor de gezondheid van de klant, gebruikt nog maar één op de tien horecaondernemers vloeibaar frituurvet. De doelstelling van de campagne is om het aantal gebruikers van vloeibaar frituurvet in de horeca te doen toenemen van 10% eind 2003 tot minstens 50% in 20.[Article]
Koninklijk Horeca Nederland Vloeibaar frituurvet
Vloeibare frituurvetten bevatten maximaal 5% transvetzuren en minimaal 65 % onverzadigde vetzuren.[Article]
Birlouez-Aragon I, Saavedra G, Tessier FJ, Galinier A, Ait-Ameur L, Lacoste F, Niamba CN, Alt N, Somoza V, Lecerf JM. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 May;91(5):1220-6. A diet based on high-heat-treated foods promotes risk factors for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases
A diet that is based on high-heat-treated foods increases markers associated with an enhanced risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in healthy people. Replacing high-heat-treatment techniques by mild cooking techniques may help to positively modulate biomarkers associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.[Article]
Kanner J. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 Sep;51(9):1094-101 to human health
The oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids results in significant generation of dietary advanced lipid oxidation endproducts (ALEs) which are in part cytotoxic and genotoxic compounds. Some of the dietary ALEs, which are absorbed from the gut to the circulatory system, seems to act as injurious chemicals that activate an inflammatory response which affects not only circulatory system but also organs such as liver, kidney, lung, and the gut itself. We believe that repeated consumption of oxidized fat in the diet poses a chronic threat to human health.[Abstract]
Choe E, Min DB. J Food Sci. 2007 Jun;72(5):R77-86 Chemistry of deep-fat frying oils
High frying temperature, the number of fryings, the contents of free fatty acids, polyvalent metals, and unsaturated fatty acids of oil decrease the oxidative stability and flavor quality of oil.[Article]
Paul S, Mittal GS.` Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1997 Nov;37(7):635-62. Regulating the use of degraded oil/fat in deep-fat/oil food frying
During frying, the degradation of oil produces harmful compounds. Some of the European nations and the U.S. have specific regulations against the use of deteriorated frying oils. Due to the absence of a suitable online frying oil quality sensor for restaurant situations, it is difficult to implement any regulation against the use of deteriorated frying oil. .[Abstract]
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